The Prevalence Of Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay

Diabetess Mellitus is considered to be a major public wellness job worldwide. Its planetary prevalence has been estimated by World Health Organization WHO to be more than 135 million. The projection for the twelvemonth 2025 estimates a 120 % addition in figure of instances throughout the universe ( Al-Lawati & A ; Mohammed 2000 ) and besides estimates a 150 % addition in the East Mediterranean Region ( EMR ) ( Al-Lawati et Al. 2002 ) . In EMR, the diabetes prevalence rate for grownups is 7.7 % but this figure rises to between 12 % and 20 % for older age groups in urban communities and in Gulf States ( EMRO 2005 ) . The prevalence is higher in developed states than developing states. However, more addition will be in the underdeveloped universe in the coming 30 old ages ( King et al. 1998 ) . This is clearly coercing the developing states to take active stairss towards commanding diabetes. Diabetess is a chief cause of morbidity and mortality globally. It was estimated that the extra planetary mortality attributable to diabetes in the twelvemonth 2000 to be 2.9 million decease. The diabetes is likely to be the 5th taking cause of decease ( Roglic et al. 2005 ) . This is true for Sultanate of Oman and the magnitude of the job is continuously increasing. I will research diabetes in Oman in a elaborate manner. I will be analysing the load of diabetes and the factors maintaining its prevalence high. I will besides foreground the steps that have been adopted to get the better of this job. At the terminal I will discourse the restraints and place the countries necessitating more attending in order to beef up the control of diabetes in Oman.The state:Sultanate of Oman occupies the southeasterly corner of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bounded by the Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Its entire country is 309,500 square kilometers. The capital is Muscat. Oman comprises a costal field of 1700 kilometer length and an interior part of hills and desert. The population is 2.5 million harmonizing to 2003 nose count ( MONE 2005 ) . The population is preponderantly Arab, with Pakistani, Indian, and Zanzibari minorities. Around 51 % of the Omani population is under 15 old ages old. Omanis remain a big bulk ( 74 % ) in their state unlike some of the Gulf States, which are dominated by foreign workers ( Hejleh 2005 ) . Oman is administratively divided into 5 parts and 3 governorates with 59 Wilayates ( territory ) ( MOH 2003 ) . Ministry of Health is responsible for presenting wellness service in Oman. The wellness attention is provided free of cost for the Omani population all Omani but fee is applied for non-Omani population ( MONE 2004 ) .Burden of the disease:It is indispensable to discourse the prevalence of diabetes and the its complications in order to hold a general thought about the magnitude of the job in OmanPreva lence of diabetes:Diabetess prevalence is quickly increasing in Oman over last few old ages. The first national diabetes study, which was conducted in 1991, showed that the prevalence of diabetes in topics 20 old ages old and above is 8.3 % ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . It besides showed the impaired glucose tolerance trial prevalence was 10 % and impaired fasting glucose prevalence was 5.7 % ( DGP 2003 ) . Both figures were alarmingly high figures that necessities immediate control enterprises ( Asfour et al. 1995 ) . 10 old ages subsequently, the 2nd national study showed that the prevalence of diabetes was 11.6 % and that of impaired fasting glucose was 6.1 % ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . This is clearly demoing that the load of the disease has about increased by one tierce over a decennary. The prevalence of diabetes was higher among work forces. In 2000, it was 11.8 % and 11.3 % in work forces and adult females severally ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . The diabetic instances diagnosed in Oman are chiefly of type II. This type constitutes about 95 % and type I constitutes merely 5 % ( DGP 2004 ) . The prevalence is summarised in table one. Year Type of sample Diabetess prevalence IFG prevalence 1991 Fasting blood sample 8.3 % 5.7 % 2000 Fasting blood sample 11.6 % 6.1 % Table 1: Prevalence of Diabetes and IFG in Oman in topics 20 old ages old and above harmonizing to national wellness studies in 1991 & A ; 2000.Prevalence of diabetic complications:The load of the disease can besides be measured by the prevalence of its complications. Many of diabetic complications do be in Oman in higher rates. Some of these are:Diabetic oculus diseases:The diabetic retinopathy prevalence in Oman is 14.39 % and it is the commonest cause of sightlessness in people age 30-69years ( Khandekar et al. 2003 ) . It was besides shown the rate of glaucoma among diabetic patient was 8.87 % ( Khandekar & A ; Zutshi 2004 ) . In both complications, the diabetic patients are at higher hazard. It could be easy drawn from these two surveies that a particular attention must be given to diabetic patients to cut down the ocular disablements.Diabetic pes diseases:It has been found that the diabetes is responsible for 51.8 % of all amputations reported in Oman ( DGP 2004 ) . Foot compli cations are one of the most serious and dearly-won complications of diabetes. It is an pressing issue that need more attending.Cardiovascular diseases:It was shown in 2004 that most of diabetic Omani patients died as a consequence of cardiovascular complications ( MOH 2005 ) . This is due to the fact that hazard factors for the development of macro-vascular diseases are often found in diabetic patients ( DGHA 2003 ) .Nephritic failures:It was shown that 33 % of nephritic failure instances diagnosed in Oman are due to diabetes ( MOH 2005 ) .Factors behind diabetes in Oman:Such high prevalence of diabetes is perfectly maintained by many implicit in factors. The chief factors are summarized in table two. No. Factor 1 Dietary form 2 Physical inaction 3 Corpulent or fleshy 4 Other behavioral hazard factors ( e.g. smoke ) 5 Akin matrimony 6 Familial susceptibleness Table 2: Underlying factors behind diabetes Oman has rapid socioeconomic developments that are associated with urbanization consequence. This consequence is really clear particularly in Muscat and secondly in Batinah part. This is due to the fact that more than 56 % of the population life in those two parts which represent merely 15 % of the entire country ( MONE 2005 ) . The urbanization consequence is manifested in rapid life manners alterations such as alterations in dietetic form ( High fat/ high salt/ Calorie dense diet ) and decreased physical activity ( DGHA 2003 ) . There was a pronounced displacement from simple traditional life styles to more westernized life manners. The physical inaction is high and its prevalence is 22.5 and 3.1 in males and females severally ( DGP 2004 ) . The rapid addition in auto ownership has led to further lessening in physical activity. Fleshiness and corpulence are closely associated with diabetes. It has been shown in 2001, 47.4 % of diabetic patients either corpulent or fleshy ( Al-Lawat i et al. 2002 ) . In 2000, the age adjusted prevalence of fleshiness reached 16.7 % in work forces, compared to 10.5 % in 1991. In adult females the prevalence was 23.8 % in 2000 compared to 25.1 % in 1991.Both corpulence and fleshiness has markedly increased among Omani work forces during the past decennary, while a worsening tendency was seen among Omani adult females. The worsening tendency among females could be explained by increasing educational degree, worsening birthrate rates and improved consciousness of self image ( Al-Lawati & A ; Jousilahti 2004 ) . However, the prevalence is still high for both sexes and need more attending through establishing effectual nutritionary plans and promotional life manner alteration plans ( Al-Riyami & A ; Afifi 2003 ) . In add-on, smoke is closely associated with many non-communicable diseases and it is common in Oman. Recent studies for the prevalence of behavioral hazard factors among big Omanis have revealed a high prevalence of smoke ( 23 % male smoke and 1.5 % among females ) ( Al-Lawati & A ; Hill 2001 ) . Another factor underlying the higher prevalence is akin matrimony between Omani. Arranged matrimonies are normally seen between first or 2nd degree relations. This will increase the familial heritage of diabetes ( Al-Haddad Y 2003 ) . A familial susceptibleness may besides explicate why diabetes has become an â€Å" epidemic † . In comparing to Caucasian and European populations with similar grades of fleshiness and glucose tolerance, Arabs are more insulin-resistant than Europeans. This feature, which is a strong forecaster of diabetes, seems to be genetically determined in these populations ( Al-Mahroos 2003 ) . Equally long as the above mentioned factors exist, the diabetic prevalence will be high. So it sounds logic controlling of these factors will cut down diabetic prevalence.Diabetess is a existent wellness challenge in Oman:From the above, it is clear that the diabetic load has increased signif icantly and at the same clip its underlying or lending factors do be strongly. This puts Oman ‘s wellness attention system at cross roads as it is witnessing an epidemiological passage from catching diseases to non-communicable diseases ( DGP 2003 ) . This should be accompanied by a passage displacement in the system from commanding infective and childhood unwellness to face challenges of the twenty-first century in battling chronic unwellness such as diabetes, high blood pressure and fleshiness. One of the challenges is incorporating and bettering the quality of wellness attention provided to diabetic people. Presently, a significant proportion of the Ministry of Health budget is spent on direction of diabetes and its complications ( DGHA 2003 ) . The passage from catching disease to non-communicable diseases is manifested clearly in morbidity and mortality indexs. It is shown in figure one there is a raising tendency in the per centum of non-communicable diseases part to the entire out patient section ( OPD ) visits. It increased from 42.5 % in 1996 to make 53.2 % in 2004. On the other manus, there is a worsening tendency for catching diseases part ( DGP 2004 ) . Figure 1: Catching and non-communicable diseases part to the OPD morbidity in 1996 & A ; 2004. Inpatient morbidity of non-communicable diseases had besides increased in comparing with catching diseases over the last nine old ages as shown in figure two. They contributed approximately 36.1 % and 39.6 % of entire discharge instances in 1996 and 2004 severally. Figure 2: Catching and non-communicable diseases part to the inpatient morbidity in 1996 & A ; 2004. Out of these non catching diseases, diabetes is considered to be the 2nd prima cause of inpatient morbidity in male and female in the age group 45 old ages and supra after ischaemic bosom disease ( MOH 2005 ) . The load is good demonstrated by the fact that diabetes mellitus is entirely responsible for about 9 % of all grownup infirmary admittances and 12 % of the grownup infirmary bed tenancy rate ( Asfour et al. 1991 ) . Inpatient morbidity for diabetes has raised steadily from 1528 instances in 1986 to 3695 instances in the twelvemonth 2000 as shown in figure three ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . Figure 3: Number of diabetic instances registered in 1986 & A ; 2000. Distribution of new diabetic patients harmonizing to the age groups is shown in figure four. It is shown in that about tierce of the diabetic instances are diagnosed at the 40-49 old ages group and a high proportion even after the age of 50 old ages ( MOH 2005 ) . This indicates somehow that there is hold in the diagnosing. This could be due either unavailable services or patients non be given to seek intervention early. Figure 4: Distribution of new diabetic patients harmonizing to the age groups.Diabetess care in Oman:Ministry of Health has ensured the wellness attention to be readily accessible to all. It is free of charge and delivered through more than 156 wellness establishments ( MOH 2003 ) .Diabetic attention is ensured and provided through National Diabetes Prevention and Control plan. The 6th five twelvemonth program ( 2001-2005 ) has identified diabetes as a major precedence ( DGP 2003 ) .National Diabetes Prevention and Control Program and its accomplishments:This plan was initiated in 1991 and is managed by the section of non-communicable disease surveillance and control represented by diabetes bar and control subdivision. The caput of this subdivision is the national plan director. The plan is responsible for developing constabularies and implementing schemes for diabetes control ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . It aims to supply diabetic attention in all wellness degrees: primary, secondary and third in close coaction with each other to guarantee an effectual referral system. Its aims are ( DGHA 2003 ) : Prevent the disease susceptible persons and communities. Early sensing of persons at high hazard. Keeping a better quality of life for diabetic patient and cut down the long term complications and therefore cut down its morbidity and mortality. Provide suited and quality wellness instruction to diabetic patient ‘s relations and the community. The aims are crisp and comprehensive. They are directed foremost towards the bar of the disease and secondly to early sensing through testing plans. In instance these failed to be fulfilled, an of import aim is to keep a better life quality to the patient. Many accomplishments took topographic point over the last 14 old ages Such as ( EMRO 2005 ) : The diabetic control plan was integrated in primary wellness attention in 1995 ( MOH 2003 ) . So that all basic services required for diabetic patients are available at the primary wellness attention establishments through the constitution of mini diabetic clinic. This has optimized the direction of diabetes at the primary wellness attention degree ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . A good advancement in rating of national diabetes registry in which all diabetic patients are registered. Registers are maintained on a regular basis in which all patient inside informations are mentioned. This registry was initiated foremost in 2000 ( DGHA 2003 ) . It is a good mechanism for follow up within the catchment country of wellness establishment. Annual preparation workshops for the staff ( Doctors/ nurses ) . This is of great value in updating the cognition and experiences of the old staff and introduces the new staff to the plan. These workshops could besides be used to work out challenges confronting the regional plan. They are conducted at territory and provincial degrees. Constitution of a policy for oculus attention for all new diabetic patients. There was a existent demand for such policy as the diabetic oculus diseases are increasing in Oman. The plan director at the cardinal degree is responsible for organizing the activities between different degrees. A squad at the primary wellness attention degree provides the diabetic attention. Antidiabetic drugs and insulin are being made available free of charges to all Omani ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . This squad consists of doctor, nurse, dietician / diet technician and wellness pedagogue as shown in figure five ( DGHA 2003 ) . The diabetes squad at the primary wellness attention Health Educator Dietician / Diet technician Nurse Doctor Take basic measurings Maintain patient records. Provide list of defaulters. Provide Diabetic attention Maintain diabetic register Train other members Inform and educate patient on basic and exigency state of affairss. Health instruction follow up. Provide dietetic advice. Advice patient how to cover with hypoglycemia. Figure 5: The construction of the squad members and their chief duties. The construction of the squad is good defined with clearly demarcated functions and duties which are designed to undertake the most pressing issues required in the diabetic attention. The squad is supervised by a regional diabetologist at the secondary wellness attention degree. There are nine regional diabetologists in Oman ; one in each part. In add-on, the regional diabetologist should develop the primary wellness attention doctors on the basic direction of diabetes and this may include regular visits to primary wellness attention establishments in his/her part.Prevention of diabetes in Oman:Ministry of Health has adopted many bar schemes. The bar is considered as precedence and it is achieved through three degrees ( DGHA 2003 ) :Primary bar:This is done through commanding the implicit in causes and hazard factors. It aims at increasing consciousness about diabetes by mass instruction candidacy, telecasting and wireless. The diabetic squad at the primary wellness attention degree conducts most of the wellness instruction activities.Secondary bar:This aims at early sensing of instances. It includes screening individuals at high hazard for diabetes and its complications every three old ages. The people at hazard are corpulent ( Body mass index & gt ; 30 Kg/m ) , first grade with diabetes mellitus, history of gestational diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and dyslipedemia.Third bar:This includes proper direction and any action taken to forestall complications. The schemes for third bar involve testing for early complication phases, rigorous metabolic control, instruction and effectual intervention.Constraints to a better diabetic attention:Although there are a batch of good accomplishments of the diabetic attention, many restraints confronting the better attention such as:Need for a National diabetic Centre:There is no national diabetic Centre in Oman. All complicated instances end up in the medical wards in the third infirmaries. This is particularly of ad ded importance as the load of disease is increasing. It is an pressing issue to set up a diabetic Centre in which all the diabetic instances will be evaluated and managed by following the same guidelines. The diabetic Centre should be besides responsible for carry oning preparation workshops and besides bring forthing studies and surveies.Inadequate installations for direction of diabetic pes:As the figure of diabetic instances addition, figure of diabetic pes instances besides increases. So far no organic structure is specialized in diabetic pes attention in the Sultanate and the intercession or direction is still non effectual. Merely one workshop was conducted in this respect in December 2004 but it was merely an introductory workshop and the participants were merely staff nurses and no physicians ( IDF 2004 ) . There is a existent demand for more expertness and extremely specialised techniques in diabetic pes attention. This will finally better the patient quality of life.How ca n the diabetic attention be improved further in Oman?This inquiry can be answered merely by analyzing the precedence work countries. This analysis finally will take to many future schemes that can be used efficaciously in bettering the diabetic attention. The top of import schemes are:Prevention of diabetes through life manner alteration:The most effectual manner of bettering the diabetic attention is by forestalling the disease. This is the first measure and can be carried out by sing bar of diabetes through life manner alteration as a precedence. It is logic as the type II being the most common type of diabetes and it is chiefly due to life manner alterations and besides its prevalence increasing twelvemonth after twelvemonth. Empowering the community to take control over their ain wellness could carry through this. As a consequence, wellness life manner alterations can be implemented at community degree in the signifier of healthy life manner undertakings. Through these undertaki ngs the wellness of people can be promoted by authorising them and affecting them in planning and taking determinations about different ways of accomplishing a better life manner. One such scheme is guaranting the active engagement of community leaders particularly on the international diabetes twenty-four hours, which is on the 14th of November every twelvemonth. An illustration of this was conducted in Oman in what is called Nizwa Healthy Life Style undertaking. However, this is still a new construct and more attempts should be done in this country. An illustration of a factor that needs more attending from the bar point of position is fleshiness. It appears to be the most of import individual mark variable to command if the incidence of diabetes is to be reduced. Although impermanent decreases in weight can be achieved by dietetic restraint, long-run control of fleshiness appears to depend on keeping higher energy outgo is the most of import. In Oman, most businesss are sedentary, walking and cycling are the two signifiers of activity through which energy outgo can most easy be increased. However, cycling is non at present culturally acceptable. This highlights the trouble of change by reversaling the inauspicious effects of lifestyle alterations. Alternatively, physical activity could be increased by regular engagement in exercising preparation plans, but long-run engagement in such plans would necessitate high degrees of motive ( Al-Mahroos 2003 ) .Early on and effectual showing plans:A 2nd measure towards a better attention is the executions of early and effectual showing plans. These plans should be regular and available in all different wellness establishments. Specific standards should be set up for the showing. The showing could be taken up one measure in front by sing the community and test the people in their places. This is important because a comprehensive population-based programme is the most cost-efficient attack to incorporate this emerging diabetic epidemic ( EMRO 2005 ) . An illustration of this could be the organisation of diabetic run in the community. This will pick the instances instantly taking to early sensing and direction.Combined diabetic clinic:Another measure is of class the better direction. The ultimate jail of the direction is to forestall the complications. At the same clip the direction of diabetic complications require many different fortes viz. diabetologist, physician, nephrologists and gynecologist. Keeping these issues in head, a better direction requires a multidisci plinary attack. This can be achieved by combined diabetic clinic in which diabetoligist and another specializer harmonizing to the status or the complications see the patient at the same time. These will better the attention by guaranting the understanding of the concerned physicians about the intervention program.Diabetic pes attention:Another issue of bettering the diabetic wellness attention is through the betterment of diabetic pes attention. The importance of this issue comes from the fact that the diabetes is responsible of 51.8 % of all amputations reported in Oman as mentioned above. The diabetes subject for 2005 is diabetes and pes attention. It will be a cost effectual attack because the diabetic pes is a important economic job, peculiarly if amputation consequences in drawn-out hospitalization, rehabilitation, and an increased demand for place attention and societal services ( IDF 2005 ) . The purpose is to cut down by half the figure of foot amputations caused by diabete s in the state ( IDF 2004 ) . This can be achieved through a attention scheme that combines: bar ; the multi-disciplinary intervention of pes ulcers ; appropriate organisation ; close monitoring, and the instruction of people with diabetes and health care professionals, it is possible to cut down amputation rates by between 49 % and 85 ( IDF 2005 ) .Coordination between MOH plans:Last, there should be coordination between different MOH plans in order to guarantee that all diabetic bar is good covered. These include nutritionary plan, antismoking plan and plan to advance physical activities.Pressing issues to be raised up:It is of import to implement effectual diabetes surveillance system in Oman. It could be used as an earlier anticipation of the epidemic nature of diabetes and its features. It is besides a necessary first measure toward its bar and control, which is now recognized as an pressing precedence ( King et al. 1998 ) . Furthermore, it is indispensable to set up a quality confidence system. Such system will take to uninterrupted rating which is important to the success of national diabetes control plan. It should concentrate on both procedure steps and result steps ( EMRO 2005 ) . Rehabilitation of diabetic patients is indispensable and a precedence. It is a cost effectual attack. This is because many persons with diabetes may develop disenabling complications with high associated costs ( DGHA 2003 ) .Decision:Oman is undergoing demographic and socio-economic alterations, which favours an addition in the load of diabetes presenting a hard challenge. The diabetic control plan is good in topographic point and bar activities are traveling on in all different degrees. However, there is a existent demand for set uping quality confidence mechanisms in topographic point for the plan. As portion of this it is besides necessary to set up a Centre of excellence at the third degree which could supply the needful advanced diabetic attention and besides map to sets criterions in the attention of diabetics. It is besides required to concentrate every bit good augment attempts for better bar in order to minimise the underlying modifiable hazard factors. Ultimately, these ste ps could cut down the diabetic prevalence or at least command it at this degree.

Essay on protection individuals from abuse

Identify two reports on serious failures to protect individuals from abuse. Write an account that describes the unsafe practices in the reviews. Abuse can happen anywhere anytime, but especially to vulnerable people. I have researched into two cases reported for abuse in adults. The Winterbourne case and the Orchid View case. Six care workers at the Winterbourne View care home were given prison terms for â€Å"cruel, callous and degrading† abuse of disabled patients. Orchid View care home was branded Britain's cruelest care home with neglect stemming from institutionalised abuse contributing to the deaths of five elderly residents.Staff at Winterbourne care home were using unsafe practices, They were caught on CCTV slapping vulnerable residents, soaking them in water and trapping them under chairs, staff were caught physically abusing these residents as well as emotionally and verbally abusing them by taunting and swearing at them. The individuals were not able to defend thems elves, this is an abuse of power and trust. Winterbourne were putting profits before humanity, it was run with a view to profit and with a lack of interest to its residents or staff.Poor working practices are seen here, one member of staff stated that he was originally shocked by the ill treatment of patients at Winterbourne yet became use to it over time. This is unsafe practice, not reporting incidents is also abusing the residents as they are still in danger. It was this member of staff’s responsibility to report what was happening. His behaviour was inappropriate. Unsafe practices were also seen in the Orchid View case. There was multiple accounts of maltreatment to elderly people in this home, there was institutionalised abuse throughout the home which started at a very early stage and nobody did anything about it.The home was mismanaged and understaffed meaning that the environment was not safe for the residents. There were several severe cases of neglect in this home, residents were left soiled and unattended while others were locked in their rooms. Another lady has a fractured ankle left undiagnosed for days. There was so many incidents of neglect reported in duty of personal care, another being unsafe administration of medication, for example failing to check the dosage. One lady had been overdosed and then her medical records were destroyed when it became clear she needed medical treatment.This is also inappropriate communication, not giving out the appropriate paperwork. Police and social workers where called into the home after a whistleblower reached breaking point after being told there was 28 errors in administrating drugs in a single shift. This shows the failure in ensuring supervision and staff being trained correctly. In both of these homes residents came into them to be looked after and to feel safe, yet lost their dignity, independence and some even their lives because of the unsafe practices being used and the abuse not being repor ted soon enough.

SE Machinery Pty Ltd (SEM) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SE Machinery Pty Ltd (SEM) - Term Paper Example When the customer contributed $500,000 as capital contribution to SEM in May 2011, it appeared in the books as part of the Equity or Capital Account and reported as part of the gross profit by yearend which ended June 2012.. In such a transaction wherein actual cash was received and SEM chose to recognize the cash inflow as capital, the tax law provides that this be considered as ordinary income. Division 6 – Assessable Income and Exempt Income, Section 6.5, states that Australian residents’ ordinary income are assessed whether derived from within Australia or outside, including those derived indirectly or directly â€Å"from all sources† (Australian Parliament 1997, Section 6.5). As Flynn, M.(2009, p.171) had stated, â€Å"The second test is to ask whether the receipt represents a flow produced by an item of capital. If it does, the receipt is revenue.† B. However, the Arthur Murray principle will apply for the prepayment. According to Kater, E. (2009), u nder that principle, income is generally not derived until after services or products have been delivered, except in a situation wherein there may not be a refund of prepayment according to a contract. There was no contract which specifically stated there can be no refund under certain conditions. Income was recognized in June 2012 even though products were yet to be delivered in August 2012. The prepayments were recognized as revenue so that the gross profit includes the value of that prepaid order. But requirements for such a capital contribution to be considered an Income of SEM were not yet completed although prepaid. The goods (Teftoffelex) were delivered only in August 2012. Since there is no contract stipulating that the prepayment was not refundable, the Arthur Murray principle will allow for the delay in payment of Income Tax corresponding to the $ 1,200,000 worth of orders. SEM has received payment and delivered the orders only in August 2012. Thus, this will result in hav ing unearned income as of yearend, June 2012. The Arthur Murray Principle will be applicable because income should be recognized only after the fulfilment of an order and after payment had been received. But this only means that in the next income declaration, income tax would have to be paid for the $1,200,000. The book entries should have been as follows (Appendix 1) It is only after the delivery of goods that the liability account, Unearned Revenues, amounting to a total of $ 1,200,000 should be reversed to consider the entire $ 1,200,000 as Sales. Thus, the proper advice to SEM is to adjust the Sales by $ 1,200,000 because it is in fact still a liability (as Unearned Income) and will remain that way until the goods are delivered. II A. Explanations for Revenue and Expense Accounts 1. Bad Debt Deduction After Write-Off = $8,000 Section 63 paragraphs 34-39 allows for deductions of bad debts only after they have been written off. (AG/ATO 2012, TR 92/18). The Australian Taxation Law under Act No. 55 as amended, in Division 21-5. 2. Interest Expense on Working Capital = $ 25,000 Borrowed @ 8% Interest From February 1, 2012 to end of June 2012 which is 5 months, SEM should recognize the accrued interest expense. This would amount to 25,000 x 0.08 x 5 mos. / 12 months = $ 833. According to the AASB 123 Core Principle (AG/AASB 2009, p. 7 & 9), â€Å"Borrowing Costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction, or production of a qualifying asset form part of the cost of that asset. All other borrowing costs are recognized as an expense.† This should include interest (Section 6a p. 9). Usually, interest expenses are prepaid upon release of borrowed money. And based on the Principle of Profit Determination of the AASB(AAT & Willis, D. 1997, p.7), the expense should be matched with the revenue given a certain period. Thus, upon receipt of the loan, interest expenses should have been treated as Prepaid Interest. And the Prepaid Interest asset account should be reduced by the accrued expense value which would amount

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Housing Market in U.S - Essay Example The bubble finally bursts. In housing bubble, very low interest rates and a consequent loosening of credit underwriting standards attract many borrowers in the market. In this case, a decline in demand due to high interest rates and a tightening of credit standards leads to bursting of the bubble. This paper discusses in depth about the rise and fall of the housing market in U.S. and its impact in the society. Scholarly research depicts that an economic bubble is difficult to identify with the exception of in hindsight. However, a number of cultural and economic factors have led to justification of the argument of several economists that a housing bubble existed in the U.S. As an economic bubble, the United States housing bubble grew up alongside the stock bubble in the mid-90s. Usually, low interest always motivates firms to borrow more and invest more. In this case, assets that are more productive match greater indebtedness (Shiller, 2006). However, the U.S housing market interest rates greatly differed with the investment. Although the country’s economy grew, many American families had to borrow more debt to refinance their mortgages and spend some of the proceeds. As long as the housing prices rose due to lower interest rates, the Americans ignored the growing indebtedness. An increase in demand in the supply of housing led to an ultimate increase in price. An incredible increase in price incorporated most affected areas into expectations that made homebuyers pay more than they would have otherwise thus making the expectations self-fulfilling. To attract many people in borrowing more money, credit standards were lowered thus fueling growth in the so-called subprime mortgages. Additionally, new products were invented lowering upfront payments and making it easier for individuals to take bigger mortgages. The biggest problem that arose from these mortgages was that some had negative amortization (Baker, 2002). This is because payments made by some of t he borrowers did not even meet the interest due thus making the debt grow more. By 2002, the housing prices had shoot to nearly 30 percent even after adjusting for inflation. Statistical analysis evidences an impact of housing prices to the housing market upon a speculative bubble rather than the fundamentals. To fuel the housing market, Federal Reserve Board chairperson Alan Greenspan suggested that it was much better for homebuyers to procure houses on flexible rates rather than set rates since this would enable them pay for the house at ease. In 2003, homebuyers had the opportunity to afford larger mortgages due to the adjustable rates that were available at that moment. The lower interest rates hastened the run-up in house prices hence increasing at a supplementary 31.6 percent. On the other hand, the run-ups had predictable effect on savings and consumption. Consumption increased thus lowering the savings rate by 1 percent (Hardaway, 2011). Several factors contributed to the ri se of the housing bubble. One major factor encompasses the desire of people to own too many houses. Many of the Americans despite their incapability of managing many houses went ahead and purchased them rather than renting houses, which is alternatively cheaper. Buying the houses for speculation rather than shelter was another insight to housing bubble. Due to the wealth possessed by most of the Americans, they decided to

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Sincerity & Authenticity - Essay Example Pneumatology and religiosity are the two concepts which Emily Dickinson sets out to unravel in this poem. She makes a clear delineation between the two and shuns the rigidity and traditional orthodoxy of the organized church in favor of the omnipresent ideal of God, who pervades all things. Pneumatology is the combination of two Greek words-â€Å"pneuma,† which means wind, breath or spirit (the Holy Spirit) and â€Å"logos† which means word, matter or thing. In Christian systematic theology pneumatology refers to a study of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. Religiosity on the other hand, refers to the practices of one’s religion within the prescribed manner dictated in religious texts. â€Å"Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church† is Emily Dickinson’s gentle questioning of the time honored ritual of keeping the Sabbath, by going to church on Sundays. For Emily Dickinson, the Sabbath or rest day which should be spent in contemplation to God, does not necessitate a visit to the church, since, she keeps it by â€Å"staying at home†. All the glories of God which religion expounds have been manifested to her in the beauty of nature, which is her church. Emily Dickinson uses the instruments of the Church to show how the very same things can be found in Nature, only if we take time to perceive and understand them. Hence, to Emily the chorister’s role (the lead singer in the church choir) is played to perfection by the bobolink, a small song-bird. The image of the bobolink can be understood better when we examine the physical characteristics of the bird. It is black on the underside and white on the back, which makes it stand out while singing in springtime. During winter it sheds it plumage and merges with the trees, just like the poet, who leads her life as a recluse, only coming-out rarely in public. The bobolink, which has already been addressed as the chorister, is given the second role of the sexton when Emily says - â€Å"And

Practical Intelligence in Everyday Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Practical Intelligence in Everyday Life - Essay Example Practical intelligence appears to be the ability that individuals employ to find the best fit among themselves and the requirements of the environment. Research illustrates that general intelligence performs a vital role in several valued life products. Besides academic achievements, IQ associates to some level with job presentation, socioeconomic improvement – phase of education, occupation, etc, and also "social pathology" - poverty, adult criminality, dependence on welfare, unemployment, etc. IQ and general intelligence show a relationship highly with school presentation as well as job performance, less so with work-related prestige, reasonably with income, and to a small level with law-abiding behavior. IQ does not explicate the inheritance of economic standing and wealth. To measure practical intelligence, researchers rely on a perception called unspoken knowledge (Sternberg et al., 2000). The characteristics of this knowledge are: it is procedural rather than factual, which signifies it is knowledge with regards to how to do something rather than knowledge regarding something; it is frequently learned without the assistance of others or clear instruction; it is knowledge regarding things that are personally significant towards the learner. People who are more experienced at acquiring tacit knowledge, do better in a diversity of fields counting business management, sales, academic psychology, as well as military leadership. Verbal intelligence is the capacity to investigate information and resolve problems using language-based analysis. Verbal or linguistic intelligence is in charge for the production of language along with all the intricate possibilities that follow, including hilarity, poetry, grammar, storytelling, metaphors, similes, symbolic thinking, abstract reasoning, conceptual patterning, and obviously, the written word. Verbal or linguistic intelligence is stimulated by the spoken word; by reading someone's thoughts or poetry; and by writing one's personal ideas, thoughts or even poetry.  Ã‚  

Apple Inc. Total quality managemnt Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple Inc. Total quality managemnt - Term Paper Example Quality is can be defined as anything that is in accordance with the need of the time and up to the desired satisfaction level of customers and clients (Bose). Since the customers hold the position of pivot towards the success or failure of any organization, therefore definition of quality and its subsequent implementation is very vital for the survival of any organization. The total Quality management is a separate discipline in the field of management which if implemented in the appropriate manner ensures productivity and desired results. The scope of T.Q.M is very broad and it takes into account all the necessary components of the organizational structure and thereby highlights the areas of improvement and areas of strength. The concept of T.Q.M has introduced new dimensions in the field of management and industry businesses and it has ended the old culture of dependencies on each other. T.Q.M allows adoption of a framework which ensures independence of various components of the system. The prime goal behind the T.Q.M is increased productivity and customer satisfaction (Grigoroudis and Siskos). It provides a detailed descriptive method of adopting and implementing it. This concept is equally implacable to the services as well as product manufacturing industries. In recent times many industries have benefited from its implementation. Apple Inc being an international brand is no exception to this rule and the definition of quality and its implication equally applies to this organization. Apple enjoys the name of a market leader amongst its competitors. Whatever has been achieved by Apple Inc is the result of adherence to the total quality management. It has ensured that each of the three necessary components of the T.Q.M are present in the organization and its products (Blocher). Apple is confronted with continuous challenge in form of the block of competitors both in the domain of mobile phones and operating systems and computers. According to Wall

Survey for my psychology class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Survey for my psychology class - Essay Example In general there was similarity to the answer on the nature of psychology, except for the youngest, who had no previous exposure to any study on psychology. The answers from the others were satisfactory as all of them have had exposure to psychology in their student days, as could be seen from their response to the second question. The best answer came from the participant undergoing a nursing course, and as such had the best exposure to the nature of psychology in her study classes. The only erroneous answer came from the youngest with the least experience, and no exposure to psychology in his study classes. He has confused psychology with psychiatry, which is a branch of psychology that deals with abnormal functioning of the brain or mental illness. Taking into consideration his exposure, he has exhibited a perception that most people would, when not aware of psychology, as psychiatry is commonly used in the treatment of mental illness. This brings us to the possibility that often perceptions derived from the environment around us need not necessarily be factual, and yet to the human mind it remains otherwise. The third question is relevant to the experiences that the participants have had during their tenure in the college. To the majority the institution is a great place, and this perception arises from the good experiences that they have had. Yet, these perceptions are expressed by members of the faculty and administration. They are bound to say nice things even if they feel otherwise. The nature of the institution from the students’ perception drops to an all right situation from the older student, and a downright condemnation of the institution from the young student, who must be having pretty bad experiences in the institution. Depending on which side of the fence the individual assesses the institution the perception changes. Therefore experience, position and age do

Argue that federal financial aid should not be based on parents' Essay

Argue that federal financial aid should not be based on parents' income when students are under age 24 - Essay Example In other words, only the students under the age of 24 will get the financial aid from the federal government and that also if and only if their parents have a low income. In my opinion, the financial aid should not be based on parents income when students are under the age of 24. Government has a moral responsibility in the education of all the students irrespective of the financial capacities of the parents since the contributions to the students are vital in nation building process. All the students are contribution in one way or other for the development of the nation when enters their professional life. Under such circumstances, it is the duty of the government to give their share in the form of financial aid while the students are studying. Since all the students; rich or poor are working for the nation after the completion of their studies, giving ample assistance to the students is the responsibility of the government. In schools and colleges, the education system is trying to avoid all forms of discrimination and that is why in schools uniforms were made compulsory. Under such circumstances, limiting the financial aids to a particular segment alone may create dissatisfaction among the students who failed to get the financial aid. â€Å"Some Republicans say eliminating the subsidy could save the government more than $9 billion in five years, but the democrats say that would burden students with too much debt†(Sanchez). It is a fact that the American government is currently facing severe financial crisis because of the recession problems. At the same time nobody will say that the current crisis was caused because of the financial aids given to the students. Many people believe that the current financial crisis was the bi-product of the huge expenditure made on war on terror, Iraq war etc. If the government has so much money for these kinds of wars, there is no point in limiting the financial aids to the students, when

Critical Appraisal Report Essay Example for Free

Critical Appraisal Report Essay 1. INTRODUTION This report will cover logistics and RD section from the simulation, where I will be stating theories of logistics, and logistic transportation concepts, and analyzing my understanding for research and development. I will be stating out my decision for logistics and RD section in the simulation as well, and point out the reasons why I have made the decisions. 2. CONSIDERATION OF RELEVANT THEORIES CONCEPT 2.1 Logistics: According to Grund Vartdal, logistics is â€Å"the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow and storage of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods, services and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer Requirements’ Council of Logistics Management† (Grund Vartdal, 2000). It is a part of value chain activity, planed, implemented and controlled in order to meet customers’ needs for goods, services and related information, it is a combination of transport, storage, handling, packaging, distribution processing, distribution, information processing and other basic functions. Logistic Management has four major characters, firstly, to achieve customer satisfaction as the first target, secondly, optimize the enterprise as a whole as the purpose, thirdly, information-centric, fourthly, value efficiency and effectiveness. 2.2 Logistics and Transportation: There are several classifications for logistics and transportation. Road transport: Mainly use gas trucks and other vehicles, road transport is responsible for close and small quantities of cargo, also where water transport and rail transport difficult to play their advantages. Road transport has several advantages such as strong flexibility, road construction period is short, low investment, easy to fit in local conditions and less demanding for facilities stations. It is also able to take the door-to-door transport form, without having to transfer or repeat loading and unloading. Rail transport: Mainly responsible for long-distance, large amounts of cargo, where it has no water transport conditions in the region, almost all bulk goods are rely on the railway transport. It has several advantages such as fast speed, not limited by natural conditions, large carrying capacity and low transport cost, though it is inflexible and can only be achieved in the fixed line transport, need other means of transports’ cooperation and convergence. Water transport: Mainly bearing torque, long-distance transport in river and costal sea. There are costal transport generally use in small vessels, offshore transport depending on medium-sized and small-sized vessels, ocean transport in use of large volume of large vessels, and inland waterway transport. Water transport is able to transport forhigh-volume, long-distance and low-cost, though it has obvious drawbacks such as influenced by port, water level, season and climate. Air transport: Mainly in use of aircrafts for high value, and has the affordability of a strong freight goods such as expensive equipments, spare parts, high-end products, etc., also, some urgent need materials due to its high cost. Its main advantages are fastest speed, do not have terrain restrictions, where rail or cars cannot reach, it can rely on air transport, hence it is significance. Pipeline transport: Mainly in use for gas, liquid and powered solids. 2.3 Research and Development According to OECD factbook, RD refers to â€Å"creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new application.† (OECD factbook, 2008). It reflects the technological strength and core competitiveness. A country’s RD level reflects its political and economical strengths, an enterprise’s RD level reflects its competitiveness. Research and development is the process of innovation into mold. Product innovation and technological innovation are the core of innovation, a company’s research and development generally refers to product development and technology research and development. RD and technology development are closely related. Emerging technologies can always bring new products, RD tend to correspond to the product or focus on product innovation, and new product ideas need new technologi es to achieve, they have very close relationship. 3. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY DISCUSSION AND REFLECTION This round for in-house development is 21,360K USD for Tech 1, and 21,362 for Tech 2, where money needed for new features are 71,240K USD for Tech 1, and 71,243K USD for Tech 2. As there are several plants in Asia and Europe, there will be one addition feature for Tech 1, and three addition features for Tech 2. The priorities from USA are Asia coming after Europe coming after USA, the priorities from Asia is USA coming after Europe coming after China as the civil war in Olistan has brought up the oil price, thus the logistic transportation would cost more, whereas the transportation cost is 29 USD/unit from USA to Asia and from Asia to USA, 13 USD/unit from USA/Europe, and 9 USD/unit from Asia to Europe. The in-house and contract manufacturing in USA are 5,082K USD for Tech 1 and 3,863K USD for Tech 2, while the in-house and contract manufacturing in Asia are 550K USD for Tech 1 and 1,245K USD for Tech 2, where they both allocated full capacity. For USA market, there are 1,392K units manufactured in USA for Tech 1 and 1,026K units for Tech 2. For Asian market, there are 1980K units manucatured in USA for Tech 1 and 615K units for Tech 2, 550K units manufactured in Asia for Tech 1 and 1,245K untis for Tech 2. For Europe market, there are 1,709K units manufactured in USA for Tech 1 and 2,222K units for Tech 2. Moreover, the average logistics per sold product is 16.9 USD in Asia, and 13.1 USD in Europe. According to the logistics theory, it suggests that if the products run out of supply, we will need to transfer the products to those regions where have higher profit. In this case for Round 3, oil price goes up, so we have decided to have Europe as the interlink station prior than Asia. 4. CONCLUSION To sum up, our group has gained 17.44% market share for this round, in order to achieve more market share, and gaining more shareholder return, we will need to focus more on the strategies selected in order to plan and implement more effectively. There are a lot we will need to improve in future rounds. 5. REFERENCE Cesim simulation Market Conditions [online] Available from http://gc4.cesim.com/dss/gc/MarketConditionsPage [7th Aug 2011] What is Logistics, available from CULC Managing International Trade Unit 7 Knowledgecast page 5. Research Development [online] Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development [8th Aug 2011]

The Semantic Barriers In Peoples Communication English Language Essay

The Semantic Barriers In Peoples Communication English Language Essay INTRODUCTION: The word semantics has its origin in Greek and is taken from the word semantikos, which means showing signs or symptomatic. The first part sema of the word semantikos means sign. Semantics is the study of meaning that is conveyed in a language. Semantics refers to specific meanings of a word, especially in academic circles. Semantic barriers, therefore, are the misunderstandings that occur by people trying to communicate an idea, but simultaneously having completely different meanings in mind for the words. Semantic barriers come from differences in language, education, and culture. Obviously if the sender is speaking in English and the receiver doesnt understand English, theres a problem. But even if the sender and receiver speak English, they may not speak the same dialect. The words they use may not mean the same thing. If we order a soda in Washington, DC, for example, well get a soft drink. If we order a soda in Detroit, well get a drink made of soda water and flavored syrup with ice cream floating in it. If one is from the United States and he is speaking to a Scot from Glasgow, the American may have a hard time simply understanding his pronunciation. And his accent may be incomprehensible to the person from Scot. The receiver may use complicated words or phrases that the sender doesnt understand, such as to ratiocinate instead of to reason, or I am extremely appreciative of your efforts in my behalf instead of Thank you. Or the sender and the receiver may have cultural differences that make it difficult for them to understand each other even if they speak the same language: A Christian, a Jew, and a Muslim all worship one God, but they think about God in different ways. In some cultures, the use of titles before names is extremely important as a sign of respect, while greeting someone weve just met using his or her first name (as many Americans do) would be considered quite rude. Most of us take for granted that all our messages are well conveyed. But in practice, all messages are not successfully channeled or received. Various obstacles, blockades, difficulties, stoppages or constrictions, known as barriers to communication, disfigure the message and make communication ineffective. These communication barriers cause confusion and conflict between persons living in the same society, working on the same job and even persons living in different parts of the world who even do not know one another. A large number of managerial problems are the result of unproductive or defective communication. Substantial fruits can be gained if communication barriers are dampened or minimized. A communication is a two-way process, distance between the sender and the receiver of the message is an important barrier to communication. Noise and environmental factors also block communication. Personal factors like difference in judgment, social values, inferiority complex, bias attitude, time pressure, communication inability, etc. broaden the psychological distance between the sender and the receiver. Semantic is the science of meaning. The same words and symbols have different meanings to different people. Difficulties in communication take place when the sender and the receiver of the message make use of words or symbols in different senses. The meaning intended by the sender may be dissimilar from the meaning followed by the receiver. People understand the message in terms of their own behavior and experience. SEMANTIC BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION ARISE DUE TO THE FOLLOWING REASONS: CULTURAL DIVERSITIES: Most of the difficulties in communication arise because the same word or symbol means different things to different individuals according to ones culture. Lets take the example of Shiny Abraham. A funny and pity thing happened to Shiny Abraham at the 1986 Asian Games at Seoul. Despite coming first by a very wide margin in the 800 m. Race, she was disqualified and lost her gold medal for having crossed the track at the place where she should not have gone. According to her she mistook the symbol, i.e., the colour of the flag. Whereas in our country the red flag indicates danger, in South Korea white flag is used for the same purpose. Misinterpreting the white flag which had been put up at that point, she crossed the track at the wrong place and suffered a setback. Words, which are in reality symbols representing a thing, an action or a feeling, can have several meanings. As explained earlier, words which represent concrete things, e.g., car or house, tend to be understood in the same way, while abstract words like merit, effectiveness or responsibility, tend to be interpreted by different persons in different ways. Difficulty in understanding may arise even in the case of ordinary words which have different contextual meanings. Lately such difficulties are being experienced increasingly by people working in international development field. One such problem arose in interpreting the meaning of the word steps. In a training program of health workers, relating to the family health in Jamaica when a question What are some of the steps that a mother should take to make sure that her baby keeps healthy? was asked, it was found that there was no response to it. The trainees who were accustomed to only one meaning of the word- steps based on their experience, could not just make any sense of the question. UNFAMILIARITY WITH WORDS: Semantic difficulty may arise because of unfamiliarity with words. For example, because of a word of some foreign language of which the receiver has no knowledge. A technical word may not create such a problem it may be beyond the ability of the receiver to understand it. In order to make it effective, a communication must be put into words which are appropriate to the environment and mental framework of the receiver. This ensures the communication to be grasped properly and implemented effectively. A very interesting example of a communication made effective by the use of words appropriate to the environment in which they were used is provided by the following incident that took place in one of the agricultural states of the USA. A proposal for raising the salaries of the faculty members of an agricultural college was under discussion. The farmers bloc was totally against giving the raise to the college teachers they could not see why they should pay those college teachers $5000 a year just for talking 12 to 15 hours a week. Faculty representatives made no headway in their negotiations until one of them who had some farming experience, got an inspiration.Gentlemen, he told the members of the administrative body, a college teacher is a little like a bull. Its not the amount of time he spends. Its the importance of what he does! BODY LANGUAGE BEING INCONSISTENT: Semantic barrier may further be created by body language being inconsistent with the verbal communication. A manager who praises the honesty and sincerity of his or her subordinate in a sarcastic tone creates doubts in the minds of the subordinate as to the course of action he or she should adopt in a given situation in future. The same kind of barrier is created by a divergence between the verbal language and the action language of the superiors. When action and language are used jointly the actions often have more powerful influence on others actions than words do. A management may, for example, profess its belief in being guided solely by the merit of employees while making promotions. Yet if employees observe that in actual practice promotions are made on considerations other than merit, the managements professed policy is bound to be affected by a semantic barrier it is not likely to communicate anything, only the actions will communicate and what they communicate will be contrary to what had been said in so many words. CHOICE OF AMBIGUOUS WORDS TO CONVEY A MESSAGE: Semantic problems arise due to the choice of words used to convey a message. A particular word may have totally different meaning in different languages. We say Dhanyavad which means in Hindi Thank you, but the same word in Guajarati means congratulations. Differences in background and experience account for differences in the meanings assigned to particular words. Every language has its own structure and style. Semantic problems arise when efforts are made to transfer the essence or feel of a thought from one language to another. Funny situations arise due to this effort. At times the meaning is distorted to such an extent that there remains no trace of the original. During President Jimmy Carters visit to Poland, a sentence in his speech, I have deep affection for the Polish people, was somehow translated into Polish as, I lust after the Polish people. In another instance, when a leading shoe company put up this slogan on the billboard s, we will only sell you the right shoe a group of naughty teenagers asked the manager, where could they go for the left shoe. PROBLEMS ARISING FROM REGIONAL ACCENTS: In a multi lingual nation like India, many of us speak more than one language. However, most of the times the influence of the mother-tongue is quite prominent and the accent with which we speak the other languages creates interesting (and sometimes serious) barriers to communication. The problem of regional accents is not only restricted to Indian languages. We, the people of India, treat ourselves as the very rightful inheritors of the English language. It is difficult to say whether it is love, pride or prejudice, but we have so much English in our native languages that a serious look is necessary at the way we pronounce English. The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages situated at Hyderabad has done this work and found a long list of English word-pairs the pronunciation of which are rather freely exchanged for each other, notwithstanding the mess in the meanings it makes. Ship and sheep, read and rid, each and itch, beat and b it, seen and sin, eat and it, cheat and chit, leave and liveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Seem endless. The scholars at the institution have come to the conclusion that there seem to be three sets of pronunciations viz. i) Received Pronunciation of England (RPE) ii) The Anglo-Indian Pronunciation(AIP) iii) The General Indian English(GIE) or the Modified Indian English. It seems that there is a general consensus among scholars and teachers of English in the country that RP is and an unsuitable model in the Indian context because it (a) it carries certain colonial vestiges; (b) pedagogically it is unrealistic to aim at an inaccessible model; and (c) English is taught and learnt in India for a different set of purpose and norms from those in Britain. PHYSICAL NOISE: sometimes the semantic problems arise because the channel is blocked by noise. Physical noise lies in the environment. It acts as a barrier between the communicators and blocks the message from reaching the receiver. When we are trying to listen what our teacher is saying but the class is noisy; we cannot hear. We cannot hear what our friend is saying because the sound of the television in the drawing-room is too loud. We cannot read or see what is written on the chalkboard because it is reflective. All these examples represent physical noise. PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS: Sometimes physiological impairment in the two communicators poses serious hindrance in the sending as well as receiving the message. If the sender has some problem and cannot speak clearly, there will be difficulty in understanding his message. If the message sent is clear but the receiver is aurally handicapped, the message may not be received. It is difficult to read very bad handwriting. Poor mimeographs lead to difficulty in reading the copies. FILTERING BY THE SOURCE: Filtering refers t sender manipulating information so that it will be seen more favorably by the receiver. When a manager tells his boss what his boss wants to hear, he is filtering information. The personal interests and perceptions of the source, thus, resulting in filtering the information. The source presents such infavourable reaction. SELECTIVE PERCEPTION: Messages are often distorted by the receivers. As in case of filtering the sender sends what he thinks will suit him, so does the receiver receives what suits him. Thus, the receivers see what they want to see, hear what they want to hear based on their needs, motivations, experiences, background and other personal characteristics. Receivers also project their interests and expectations in communications while decoding a message. The teacher who expects that boys with athletic bodies would not like mathematics actually sees them that way. It may not be true. We dont see reality; rather, we interpret what we see and call it reality. CIMMUNIUCATION OVERLOAD: In the present age of information, we are receiving information continuously, from various sources. We receive so much information that many times it becomes impossible to absorb all the information and respond to it. As a result many people tend to screen out a number of messages and fail to decode properly. In such cases, communication is either distorted or incomplete. OUR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: As a group we have certain norms. These norms may not have logical base yet they are so deep-rooted that it is difficult to overcome them. This preconceived and unchangeable societal input prevents the receiver from receiving the message. Girls are supposed to behave like this, It is always going to be like this, are examples of this kind. Social noise blocks our communication completely. This may happen due to the fear of social criticism. Another reason is our own group loyalty. Any action by our own group is seen favourably whereas the same by the opposite group is criticized by us. SOME APPARENT FACTORS LEADING TO SEMANTIC BARRIERS: i) Sound: Equipment or environmental noise restricts clear communication. Unless the sender and the receiver is able to concentrate on the messages being sent to each other, it collides communication making the semantic unclear. ii) Ourselves: Focusing on ourselves, rather than the other person can lead to confusion and conflict. Some of the key-factors that cause this are defensiveness (we feel someone is attacking us), superiority (we feel we know more that the other), and ego (we feel we are the center of the activity). iii) Perception: If we, as a listener, feel the person is talking too fast, not fluently, does not articulate clearly, etc., we may dismiss the person. Also our preconceived attitudes affect our ability to listen. We listen uncritically to persons of high status and dismiss those of low status. iV) Messages: Communication Distractions happen when we focus on the facts rather than the idea. Our educational institutions reinforce this with tests and questions. Semantic distractions occur when a word is used differently than we prefer. For example, the word developer instead of development may cause us to focus on the word and not the message. V) Surroundings: Bright lights, an attractive person, unusual sights, or any other stimulus provides distraction and causes semantic barriers. Vi) Personal Pressure: People do not see things the same way when under stress. What we see and believe at a given moment is influenced by our psychological frames of references our beliefs, values, knowledge, experiences, and goals. Hence forth, semantic barriers are likely to happen. When effective communication is at work, what the receiver decodes is what the sender sends. A breakdown in the communication process may occur if the intended message was not encoded or decoded properly. Comments may be taken the wrong way, a compliment may be taken as an insult, or a joke might be interpreted as a put-down. There may also be barriers in the transfer process; these barriers may include: Noise, Multiple communications, Fatigue, stress, Distractions, Incomplete message, Ambiguous wording, Lack of credibility, Lack of rapport, Think in personal terms, Boring etc. Misunderstandings stem primarily from four barriers to effective communication: 1. Lack of common experience the transfer of words from the instructor to the student are often misunderstood or not interpreted correctly. A communicators words cannot communicate the desired meaning to another person unless the listener or reader has had some experience with the objects or concepts to which these words refer. Many words in the English language mean different things to different people. 2. Confusion between the symbol and the symbolized object Results when a word is confused with what it is meant to represent. 3. Overuse of abstractions over dependence of words that are of a general nature rather than specific. 4. Interference Includes physiological, environmental, and psychological interference. THINGS TO PAY ATTENTION TO AVOID SEMANTIC BARRIERS: SYNTACTICAL PROBLEMS: Syntactical problems are caused by how a sentence is structured. Many people commit structural mistakes in sentence construction while learning a second language. It is mainly because they tend to apply the grammar of their first language to the new language they are learning. Syntactical problem may create good humour but at times may give rise to serious problems. Ex: Throw mamma from the train a kiss. A nurse maid is wanted for a baby about 20 years old. COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE COMPLETE: While formulating the message it should be seen that the message should be complete in itself and should cover all the aspects of the purpose. Merely telling somebody you are good is not a complete message as it is vague. It should be at least you are a good friend. COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE POSITIVE: communications should be toned with courtesy, with positiveness. People generally tend to ignore negativeness. We are not ready to hear It cannot be done until you furnish all the information. Instead, it is easier to hear and accept It will be done as soon as you furnish all the information. Instead of Dont talk while going to the art room it is easier to communicate Go quietly to the art room. COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE TO EXPRESS AND NOT TO IMPRESS: Too much artistic language may show your art of using that language but it may not express your heart. Good communication is supposed to build a bridge between two hearts. Hence simple, straightforward, receivers language is the key. Teachers who consider themselves learned and use complicated vocabularies and sentences cause more barriers. CHOICE OF WRONG WORDS: It might sound unbelievable but sometimes just a few words can mean the difference between life and death. Language, beyond any doubt, is one of the most important vehicles of communication and we must choose our words very carefully. In larger organization people join from various backgrounds and have varying linguistic patterns. The effort is not to hurt anybodys feelings but the effort to choose correct phrases can create some humorous situations CONCLUSION: To make effective communication, First, you must be outgoing, and be confident and honest, then next find a topic that both of you are interested. But, dont forget to be a quiet listener instead talking all the time. A barrier to communication is something that keeps meanings from meeting. Meaning barriers exist between all people, making communication much more difficult than most people seem to realize. It is false to assume that if one can talk he can communicate. Because so much of our education misleads people into thinking that communication is easier than it is, they become discouraged and give up when they run into difficulty. Because they do not understand the nature of the problem, they do not know what to do. The wonder is not that communicating is as difficult as it is, but that it occurs as much as it does.

Vegetarianism: Is It the Best Choice? Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

The National Institutes of Health have proven that over five hundred thousand Americans die each year from coronary heart disease. They also have found that over seven million Americans are suffering from this disease at this present time (â€Å"Facts about Coronary Disease†). This same article explains that coronary disease is the most prominent form of heart disease. There are many risk factors that have been linked to coronary heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity just to name a few. These are all risk factors that can be controlled by people on their own, without the use of drugs or any medical help. There are a few exceptions, however, gender, heredity and age can also lead to this disease and these are factors that cannot be controlled by a person. The diet one chooses can serve as a preventative measure. Coronary disease is caused by thickening in the heart’s coronary arteries, which prevents nutrients and oxygen from flowing to the heart. The thickening of the arteries comes from the excessive amounts of saturated fat consumed by a person from years of careless dieting (Internet). A vegetarian diet eliminates one of the major elements in a person’s diet that contains fat. Meat is high in saturated fat. Whether it is, pork, beef, chicken, or turkey, meat contains fat from the animal that does not need to be consumed. When people cook these meats, they add different types of oils and seasonings that increase the fat intake and abuse of these foods could lead to obesity. This is another major cause of coronary heart disease. If one’s diet is based on vegetables and other non-animal foods, the chance of acquiring heart disease dramatically drops because they can eliminate two of the major causes, high cholesterol and obesity. The reason for this is obvious, non-anim al based foods do not contain high amounts of saturated fat that clog the arteries, therefore, helping one maintain a very healthy and strong heart. So far, how one’s diet affects their health by increasing the chances of heart disease has been explained. Robert Schneider, a practicing medical doctor, revealed in his book, Cancer Prevention Made Easy, that one’s diet also increases the chance of cancer. Because diet is the focus, colon, stomach and breast cancer are the most common forms that are influenced by diet. Schneider in his research has ... ...s, grains, and nuts, generally for ethical, ascetic, or nutritional reasons† (â€Å"Vegetarianism†). This definition explains why people choose to be vegetarians. Whether ethical or ascetic, the main reason for this choice is nutritional benefit. Vegetarianism improves a person’s health and gives their body a better chance of resisting diseases. These benefits together help a person live a healthier and more productive lifestyle which is what the majority of the world wants today. Adopting this diet could be one of the best choices one can make especially if they want to be successful and make a better contribution to society. For others who believe in God, making a choice to be vegetarian will help protect His temple which is the body. With all the disease in the animal kingdom today, vegetarianism will soon be the only choice for a healthy diet. All the information stated above proves that vegetarianism is worth adopting and it puts to rest any negative myth s people may have heard about it. Many say people were put here for some other purpose than to take up space and then die. If this is to be true, they must not treat their bodies like dirt so they can be the best that they can be.

History Of Cell Membrane :: essays research papers

In the early stages of the twentieth century, little was known about cell membranes. Until the early 1950s, the biological cell membrane was rarely mentioned in scientific literature. It was recognised that something was probably there, but hardly anything about it was known. Considering the lack of technical equipment available a century ago, scientists such as Charles Overton and Edwin Gorter were not only exploring new territory in looking at the properties of cell membranes, but laying the way for future cell biologists. Scientists had to wait another fifty years for the discovery of the electron microscope, let alone seventy years for the advent of freeze fracturing techniques. Nageli and Cramer in 1855 had already suggested that biological cells are separated from their environment by a membrane possessing special characteristics, and in 1900 Overton performed some simple but classical experiments which proposed that cell membranes were composed of lipids (1). By measuring the permeability of various compounds across the membrane of a frog muscle, Overton found some interesting results. He observed that lipophilic molecules (molecules attracted to fat solvents) could easily cross this cell membrane, however larger lipid insoluble molecules could not. He also observed that small polar molecules could slowly cross the membrane. Other experiments with the likes of hen eggs suggested the presence of a lipid layer in the membrane. These results became known to biologists across the world and it was generally accepted that a semi-permeable lipid membrane surrounded some if not all cells (2). Although this was opening new doors for cell biologists, the information was widely disregarded. One hundred years ago biological fact was based on what could be seen and since the proposed lipid membrane was smaller than the wavelength of visible light it could not be studied under the light microscope. Most biologists merely concerned themselves with more evident structures. However, some scientists continued to dedicate their time to examining this ‘invisible’ structure. Two such biologists were the Dutch Edwin Gorter and F. Grendel. They recognised in 1925 that two such lipid layers existed.

Cometetive Advantage Delta Airlines Essay

Our assigned organization in Delta airline and two organization researched last paper were Alaska Airlines, Inc (ALK) and Southwest. A competitive advantage is an organization having an advantage over its competition which results in greater sales, margins, and retaining more customers. Competitive advantages can include anywhere from an organizations cost structure, their product and service to customer support. One of competitive advantage that delta has with other two airlines is their employees. Delta believes that their employees are taking the airlines where they only dreamed of through their hard work which is leading to a bright future which includes new ideas and opportunities. Delta provides their employees with training that consists of emergency equipment, aircraft familiarization, door and window operations; equipment training for certain planes in order to run smooth operations. Another competitive advantage Delta has like their competition is their mergers. Just like their competition Delta’s merger put then over their competition. In 2008 delta merges with Northwest airlines. Delta benefited from this because in 2007 Southwest serves 101. 9 million passengers where Delta server 72. 9 but with the merger Delta and Northwest combined for over 126 million passengers. Delta has a competitive advantage like their competition because they own thirteen hubs. Delta operates over five thousand flights every day from these hubs. Delta manages the busiest hub at Harsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in terms of passenger and number of takeoffs and landings. In terms of innovation and sustainability one focus for delta should be the age of their planes. Alaska Airlines has next generation of 737s which help them save on operating cost through fuel. Another area where Delta can learn from competitor is in terms of training their employees. Southwest train their employees in a manner so that their planes spend less time in airports and more time in air. Southwest only pays their pilots and flight attendant for the time in the air in order to incentivize the crew to load the plain and get back in the air faster.

Being Organized

ing Natacha Petit-frere Professor Donigan December 1, 2011 Being Organized Many of us are incompatible of being organized. Organization is a skill that must be learned and practice by an individual. It’s a rare person among us who doesn’t feel the need to get more organized. I consider myself fairly organized I show my organization skills by coordinating my clothes by style, color coding sections for my college courses, having a sheet of paper, a calendar and a white board.A lot of us always just throw our clothes in the closet and its always out of order. Especially when pants, shirts and dresses are anywhere. On the other hand, we don’t know exactly where they can be found. This can be terrible when we know what we want to put on but can’t find it. In my closet I have my clothing in coordinating order. I put jackets in the front and pants in the back. The type of color style I use is darks in front and lights in back. Having this type of organization in my closet is very helpful.I’m a visual person, and I find that color-coding sections for my college courses minimizes the time I have to spend looking for them. This works especially well while I’m in class. I dumped every class syllabus into a green folder called class syllabus, and then color-coded every class period blue for paper due, yellow for quiz, red for test, etc. It took awhile to set up, sure, but for the rest of the semester I only had to glance at class syllabus to get a very clear idea of what kind of week I was going to have.Thinking if I didn’t have this type of organization for school I would be kind of stress out. When I’m not in school I’ll be using color-coding for work assignments also. I’ve found that the easiest way to organize days, myself and so forth is a good paper calendar, a sheet of paper that I divide into four sections and a medium sized white board. For my paper the top left section is my actual running to d o list for today. The top right section is my running grocery list, or list of things I must purchase.The bottom left is for notes such as calls I made, individuals I spoke to, and appointment dates. The bottom right is whatever I need to move to another day. If I’m told to call back on Monday, then I note that on the calendar. As for the white board, my family can make notes. Can I borrow some money on Friday? , Grandma called, and I also jot down things that I feel are important to them. My calendar, and the white board are in the same location, so I can transfer short notes if need be.I carry my paper task list with me everywhere, so I can make notes at any given moment. Finally, Whatever electronics or paper you use, make them work for you not the other way around. Does coordinating our clothes really have to stay in color coding order or using a sheet of paper every 5 minutes? Maybe, but I bet you’ll get a whole lot more done if you check it a few times per day. T hat goes for the Blackberry too! After all, there are so many tools, and one to fit everyone and that’s why I’m happy with the organizational system I use.

A Human Is A Complex Organism

Human beings are complex and special organisms as there is a complex organisation of cells in the human body. The organisation in the human body is summarised as follows: Cells—> Tissues—> Organs—> Systems—> Organism.The same type of cells which carry out a specific function are organised into a tissue. For example, a group of nerve cells form a nerve tissue. They are organised to work together to perform specific functions as the result of cells in the human body do not work individually.An organ is a group of tissue that cooperates to carry out a specific life process. For examples, epithelial tissues form blood vessels. Several organs are organised into a system.Each system consist of several organs which are organised to carry out life processes such as respiration, reproduction and digestion.Various systems in the human body are well organised to carry out all the life processes efficiently. They are able to function because the cellular components wo rk together to ensure the survival of human beings.The human brain is well developed to integrate information's and store them as memory. This allows human beings to have the ability to talk, think rationally, create new things, learn from experience and use languages. The ability to do all these makes us really special compared to other organism.Water is driven into the tanks to raise density and allow the submarine to sink and it also pumped out to reduce density and hence allow the submarine to float. The tanks can be filled with water and air, which allows the submarine to sink or rise in the water. When a submarine is floating, its ballast tanks are filled with air, which makes it less dense than the sea water it displaces hence allowing it to float. Submarines sink when water is let into the ballast tank. This is because the submarine's density becomes greater than that of the surrounding water, resulting in negative buoyancy and causing it to sink.

Questions on International Marketing

1. What are the important issues that need to be addressed when conducting marketing research in a foreign country? Cultural differences, racial differences, climatic differences, economic differences, religious differences, historical differences, language differences, differences in actual and potential target groups. 2. What are the factors that add to the complexity of international marketing research? Ethnocentrism, polycentrism, regiocentrism, geocentrism. 3. What are the steps to be taken in coordinating international research? Identifying and defining your problemDeveloping your approach Establishing research design and strategy Collecting the data Performing data analysis Reporting and presentation 4. What are some ethical problems that marketing researchers face in designing and conducting field studies in different countries? Some questions can be very strong or offensives to some culture, but this same questions can be very normal to another culture, so people who are thi nking in doing a international marketing research should be very careful in how they structure the questions because everything depends in the culture. . Peter Philips, an engineering student, has designed an innovative piece of equipment to help the physically disabled to communicate. The equipment incorporates a system of electronic signals emitted with a slight turn of the head. This product is currently a success in the United States among health-care organizations. Peter wants to market this product in different countries. Acting as Mr. Phillips’ marketing/international business consultant, suggest a course of action to help Peter bring this product to the international market. This is an extra question which will have more weight than the other questions) Well, first of all peter has to choose which market he is going to hit, I mean in which country he would like to sell his product. Then he would have to make an international marketing research in which this investigat ion clearly helps him to know if this country it’s interested in this product, because a lot of people might not be interested in this product or they don’t know this new product.The research need to give very important information about how the economy is going in that country, I mean this product can be in the profit range for American people but a some other people in other country can’t afford such an expensive equipment, so it might be very risk to enter to that new market. Besides this here comes the legal and policies barriers in which he have to know how to negotiate all this barriers. So it is very important before introducing a new product to a country to make an marketing research so you can know and measure the risk that it would take to introduce your new product another country.

Shadow – Creative Writing

Despite it's been two years since I last saw my father, the shadow of his back still remain vivid and clear in my memories. That winter, mother died and father lost his job. It was a day of tragedy and sadness. I left London for Stoke-On-Trent to join my father in hastening home, the sight of the disorderly mess in the courtyard reminded me of mother. I couldn't help but shed tears. â€Å"Now that things have come to such a pass, let's get over it, after all every cloud has a silver lining,† he said. When father arrived home, he pawned and sold things in order to pay off his debt, then he borrowed new loans to hold the funeral. During these days our family was in such a state of sorrow and distress due to both the events of the funeral and the near-collapse of father's firm. Once the funeral ended, father had to return to America in a hopeless attempt to save his firm, and I had to return to London to finish my degree. Since we hardly had chance to see each other, we decided to depart together. After an old friend took me for a tour around Manchester, I was supposed to catch a train heading for London in the afternoon the following day. Father was over occupied by his business matters so instead of seeing me off at the train station, he asked a hotel waiter to accompany me. Anxious and worried, he relentlessly urged him to take good care of me. However, he didn't feel reassured and mulled over it. Ironically, his concern was completely unnecessary. I was already a grown up and had travelled to and from Manchester several times before, but he insisted and said, â€Å"It's better off this way. These days people simply can't be trusted. † Getting out of the taxi, we entered the train station. While I bought my ticket at the ticket booth father tended to my luggage, which was quite a huge load. When I came back father was busy bargaining with the porter over the fee. I was then such â€Å"smart aleck†. I felt that he was so terrible at haggling over the price that I was about to chip in words when the bargain was finally clinched. Boarding the train with me, he selected a seat right next to the carriage door for me. I spread the overcoat he got tailor-made for over the seat and sat down. Then for the tenth time, he reminded me to be watchful on the way and be careful not to catch cold at night. Miraculously, he somehow still managed to summoned up the courage and plead the train attendants to look after me. The disapproving and disbelieving eyes they gave us, it was so hilarious! I laughed at father for being so impractical and naive. These days people only cared about money, it would be unlikely that they'd take of me. Besides, at age twenty I was obviously capable of taking care of myself. Alas, when I come to think of it now, I can see that I was really too â€Å"smart† back then. â€Å"Dad, you better hurry for your appointment now,† I said. But he looked out of the window and said, â€Å"You'll need some refreshments on the way. Stay here don't go anywhere, I'll be back in a few minutes. † Outside the railing and beyond the other railroad platform were several vendors waiting for customers. To reach that platform, he'd have jump down the railway tracks, cross them and climb up the platform. For an exceptionally fat man in his mid-fifties, this proved to a physically demanding and strenuous task for father. I volunteered to go, but he insisted, so I reluctantly let him off. Dressed in a top black hat, worn-out morning dress and stripped trousers, I watched him totter towards the railway track. He climbed down the tracks with ease,but after crossing the tracks he struggled when climbing up the platform. Fingers gripped tightly onto the platform, legs huddled up, his corpulent body tipped slightly to the left. He was obviously exerting a huge amount of energy. Then I noticed the shadow casted off his back, tears gradually streamed out of my eyes. I quickly wiped them off for fear of embarrassment. When I gazed of of the window, father had just turned away from one of the vendors, holding two fists full of brightly-packaged chocolate bars. As he reached the edge of the platform, he placed he bars down, climbed down cautiously and then retrieved them back again. As he approached near the train, I ran out to help him. Back on board, he laid all the bars on my overcoat. Patting the dirt off his clothes, his expression looked somewhat relieved and after a while he said, â€Å"Go back to your seat. Don't leave yours things unattended. † I, however, did not return to my seat until his shadow was lost among crowds of people hurrying to and fro, and could no longer see him again. Then returning into the train and settling down, my eyes were again streaming out tears. In recent years, both father and I have been constantly on the move traveling here and there, and circumstances of our family got even worser. When father was young he left home to seek a livelihood and did achieve quite a few things on his own. To think that his fate should now be so bleak and gloomy at old age! Series after series of discouraging and unfortunate events filled him with a sense of dread and sorrow. He could no longer retain his emotions, as a result he would often vent his emotions on small mishaps and treat me harshly. However, after two years of separation, he has become soft and forgiving, and he dearly misses me and my son. A upon my arrival in London, I received a letter from him, in which he said, † My dearest son, I'm in an excellent state of health except there is much pain in my shoulders, causing me undesirable pain whenever I try to hold a pen or use chopstick. Perhaps it won't be long now before I rejoin your mother†¦ † Amid the glistening and bitter tears which these words brought to my eyes, I once again saw he familiar shadow casted off the back of father's corpulent form in the top black hat, worn-out morning dress and stripped trouser. Alas, how I long to see him again! Yet, little did I know that it was the last time I'd ever see him again.

Kurdistan Workers Party Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Kurdistan Workers Party Paper - Essay Example Tom). While the network was not officially recognized as a unique entity until 1976, historically, this never stopped their activities any given time, it has held significant influence in the southern Philippines, where it established itself so strongly in the area solidifying its operation for long, therefore is largely a regional entity rather than a global movement. Throughout the 1980s, the SCU network received support from the United States, Pakistan, and other partner countries to support the Scandinavian campaign. From the 1990s through today, the SCU network has supported a variety of Scandinavian regimes and movements in an attempt to expand Protestant fundamentalist principals in the region where its effects still have seen to date. This shaped the entire history of the area. That the Swedish Chefs United is largely a proxy for Swedish interests in the Philippines. This duality of interests is at times confusing and reflects the complexities of the organization and its interests. Furthermore, the SCU network has limited political goals and has subordinated itself to other entities; instead seeking to maintain influence locally while supporting efforts to spread Crusades elsewhere. Their demands never had a powerful impact at any given time due lack of political will and power, therefore being in existence with no clear motive to drive the a gender The Swedish Chefs United, throughout its history, has served to recruit, train and fund militant groups in the region in support of expanding fundamentalist Lutheranrule. In this section I will further examine current US definitions of terrorism and depict that the SCU’s role as a geographically based vehicle for violence is almost indistinguishable from organizations like al Qaeda and the Pampered Chef because of their activities, goals and operations which are not clear but confusing. They

What affects development in Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania and Poland Research Paper

What affects development in Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania and Poland Statistical project (must be done in State program) - Research Paper Example The model had GDP as the dependent variable and energy production (kt of oil equivalent); exports of goods and services (% of GDP); gross savings (% of GDP); imports of goods and services (% of GDP); labour participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+); life expectancy at birth, total (years); market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP); real interest rate (%); research and development expenditure (% of GDP); stocks traded, total value (% of GDP); Bulgaria dummy variable; Hungary dummy variable; Lithuania dummy variable; year 1995 dummy variable; 1996D; 1997D; 1998D; 1999D; 2000D; 2001D; 2002D; 2003D; 2004D; 2005D; 2006D; 200D7 and 2008D as the independent variables. The model results demonstrated that a percentage increase in energy production (kt of oil equivalent), ceteris paribus, leads to 0.0003 percentage increase in GDP while a percentage increase in the average of exports and imports of goods and services (% of GDP), ceteris paribus, causes the GDP to grow by 0.017 percent. Further, a percentage increase in gross savings (% of GDP), ceteris paribus, cause the GDP to grow by 0.77 percent while an increase of one percent in labor participation rate total (% of total population ages 15), ceteris paribus, causes a decrease in GDP growth of 0.35 percent. A percentage increase in life expectancy at birth, total (years), ceteris paribus, causes the GDP to increase by 2.9 percent while market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP) increase by one percent causes a 0.21 percentage increase in GDP. Real interest rate (%) increase by one percent causes a GDP decrease of 0.06 percent while an increase in research and development expenditure (% of GDP) by one percent decreases GDP growth by 0.62 percent. An increase of one percent in stocks traded, total value (% of GDP) causes the GDP to decrease by 0.02 percent. Further, the GDP for Bulgaria was found to be higher than that for Poland by 0.32 percent while that for