Nursing Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Ethics - Essay Example Every professional nurse should have a clear understanding of her nursing philosophy and values, professional requirements and responsibilities. All aspects of nursing (e.g. education, practice, management and research) have a profound ethical dimension. The ethical and moral dimension is distinguished from other dimensions of nursing by the inherent moral demands. Quality assurance has become a leading goal of health care delivery, the effect of public alarm over the high cost of care and the aim of offering the best care. The concept of caring is one of the most important and unique because it goes back to ancient times and determines the nature of nursing profession. The term caring means "nurturing and loving support of a person" (Yoder-Wise 2005, p. 7). The concept of nursing that has been evolving throughout the ages has not yet reached its fullest maturity. It continues to grow and develop to include widening spheres of nursing service and practice and expanding functions. Nursing has its origin in the mother-care of helpless infants and must have coexisted with this type of care from earliest times. Frequently this referred to a woman who suckled a child who was not her own, that is, a wet nurse. The maternal instinct provided that strong impulse or motive necessary to care for those who were suffering or helpless. Consequently, the nurse as a loving mother who intuitively comforts and renders care continues to be a popular image (Burns and Grove 2005). The parental instinct more accurately des cribes this strong motive and is present in both sexes of all races and within different age-groups. This concept reflects individual-nurse relations and importance of strict values and moral rules in this profession (Yoder-Wise 2005). The ethical and moral dimension is a care of nursing profession. Healthcare ethics is based on philosophical ideas go back to ancient time. Philosophy, no less than medicine, was transformed in the early modern period under the impact of science, and researchers might see the existence of "moral philosophy" as such as consequent on the cultural changes brought about by the scientific revolution. Introducing as they did a comprehensive secular version of the world, the modern sciences created a demand for a secular version of the ethical doctrines previously encoded within religion. This dimension is closely connected with concepts of health and wellbeing, an individual and society. Values are defined as 'broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others' (Thomasma 2004, p. 8). Ethics means 'a set of moral and ethical principles which determine right and wrong actions' (Thomasma 2004, p. 10). For a nurse, medical ethics raises the question of how her activities affect the behavior of individuals and the values of society, and concerns important ethical questions about the role of medical staff in the management process and healthcare delivery. Heifetz explains ethics as a mixture of morals, customs and values, and laws: Moral issues arise whenever human action or inaction affects others. Customs and values reflect the moral underpinning of a society. Morality speaks to what is right or wrong in human relationships, how we should treat others and how others ought to treat us,

Information Systems in Healthcare Research Paper

Information Systems in Healthcare - Research Paper Example With reference to the context, Kingston Hospital has been considered for this study to evaluate the process of healthcare units in relation to serving their patients. Moreover, the study also intends to describe the technology related functions, advantages and disadvantages. The study will also offer certain solutions to improve the stated functions or processes efficiently in order to competently serve the patients. Describe and Analyze the Chosen Healthcare Facility Kingston Hospital is amongst one of the healthcare units of London which is located in Kingston, New York. It was established on November 27, 1894 and had a two storied wooden infrastructure. Kingston Hospital initially served 56 and gradually expanded with new staffs, patients and technologies over time (Kingston Hospital, 2010). The hospital was initially known by the name of ‘City of Kingston Hospital’ which was later changed to Kingston Hospital. The hospital had the capacity to serve 150 patients. Alth ough, the hospital went through a wide range of developments in terms of their processes and functions, the fundamental vision of the founder to serve the patients as well as the communities with proper and advanced healthcare facilities was still maintained by the hospital officials and the staffs (Kingston Hospital, 2010). ... ls and equipments of operation along with operation unit, diagnostic unit and its relevant system and machines such as computer systems in order to maintain the records of their performances and relative information. However, the process of storing information was known to be done manually previously which not only increased the chances of making errors while recording information but also engaged a considerable amount of time. However, the hospital adopted fresh technologies and services presently for serving their patients and the communities with proper treatments. New technologies were also introduced for the reason of catering to the modern demands and keeping pace with the developments of the global market as well (Kingston Hospital, 2010). Describe Users of the Health Information at this Facility Kinston Hospital engages specialized doctors and physicians including Ophthalmologist, Gastroenterologist, Neurologist, Medical Oncologist, Infectious Disease Specialist, Family Medic ine Doctor, Orthopedic Surgeon, Internist Infectious Disease Specialist, Geriatrician, Dermatologist, Thoracic and Cardiac Surgeon, Pediatrician, Diagnostic Radiologist and Surgeon for the reason of serving the community and the patients (U.S. News & World Report, 2012). Furthermore, the board members of the hospital comprise Thomas Collins, who is known to be the Chairman, Ronald Myers, serves as the vice chairman and Joanne Frederberg holds the position of treasurer in the hospital. Additionally, Ex-Officio Members of the hospital entailed Mark Josefski, Joseph Christiana, Margo McGilvrey and Robert Seidman. Apart from these mentioned names the other members who are believed to play an active role in functioning the hospital are Emeritus, Robert Hansut, Lew Kirschner, Donald Louie, Donna

PCR and Southern Blotting: Applications in Medicine

PCR and Southern Blotting: Applications in Medicine Introduction The 1970s introduced an inspirational technique in which a specific sequence could be determined from a sample of DNA via the process of Southern blotting. This method, named after Edwin Southern, provided the basis for a range of common laboratory techniques such as western blotting, eastern blotting and northern blotting [1]. Shortly after, in 1983, a revolutionary method was invented by Kary Mullis, called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [2]. This procedure was originally used to amplify and identify DNA sequences in the human genome. Its use in genetic analysis was immediately recognised, as one of the first publications of its use was of prenatal diagnosis of sickle-cell anaemia [3]. Since then it has been manipulated and a whole array of techniques have been derived from this invention. Both PCR and Southern blotting have been used widely in understanding and identifying microbes which in turn assists the diagnosis and management of patients suffering from infectious diseases. PCR Procedure The sample of DNA is heated up to 90Â °C to separate the two strands of DNA thereby exposing the nucleotide bases on each strand. A primer is then annealed to each strand from the 5 region at around 60Â °C and the temperature is increased once more. The thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme, Taq, prevents contamination by binding free complementary base pairs to the original strand of DNA at temperatures up to 70Â °C. The strands are then cooled and double the amount of DNA is synthesised, and the cycle restarts until a sufficient amount of DNA is produced. Reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is used when the original sample of RNA is transcribed so that DNA is the product of amplification. The sensitivity of PCR is great, as detection is from a single nucleotide base whilst its quantitative ability is derived from the proportional expansion of amplified DNA from its original size [5]. Southern Blot Procedure Southern blotting begins with a sample of DNA which is first broken up by a restriction endonuclease into smaller, varying fragments. The DNA is then placed into wells to undergo agarose gel electrophoresis where the fragments diffuse across a polarised field according to their size. The DNA is denatured by sodium hydroxide and transferred to a sheet of nitrocellulose or nylon and incubated with a hybridisation probe of single-stranded DNA. This radiolabelled probe binds to the exposed complementary base pairs and can be detected by autoradiography [6]. Southern Blotting Applications in Medical Microbiology Southern blotting is primarily used for DNA fingerprinting, gene sequencing and genetic engineering. It has been used in the identification of strains in microbes such as concluding the type of human papillomavirus extracted from a condyloma. However in this case it provided to be unreliable as it produced false-negatives, as PCR and in-situ hybridisation were deemed to be more efficient [7]. Another use of Southern blotting was in the detection of a strain of Listeria monocytogenes. In this study it was deemed an important technique in verifying species identification and in the characterisation of epidemic strains [8]. This method can be used to DNA fingerprint most microbes and determine a diagnosis and treatment for a patient suffering from their pathogenicity. However it is found to be too laborious, time consuming and requires large amounts of high quality DNA for most routine laboratories yet variations of this technique are still widely performed. The western blot, which uses antibodies as the probe to detect proteins instead of DNA, is a confirmatory test in the diagnosis of a human immune-deficiency virus(HIV) infection [9]. Since the established use of PCR there has become a decreased need for these laborious techniques in DNA sequencing [10]. PCR Applications in Medical Microbiology PCR can be used in detecting the genetic sequence of all microbes. It is useful in detecting organisms in early cultures where organisms are otherwise difficult to isolate, for example in enteroviruses RT-PCR is more sensitive than culture and the gold standard is detection of the this genome in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) by PCR [11]. PCR is also used in detecting genes encoding antibiotic resistance such as in Helicobacter pylori and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However its use is currently unsuitable for the diagnosis of H. pylori as clinical samples may contain inhibitors which can generate false-negatives10. PCR is used in quantifying the viral load of HIV within an infected person therefore determining the effectiveness of their treatment. The problem occurs when the genome sequence of the HIV changes therefore the PCR method needs to be altered and the current test would prove useless9. Currently immunoassays are used in the diagnosis of a HIV infection, however early in infection there is a variable period of time until anti-HIV antibodies can be detected and this provides a potential area of identification of the HIV by PCR [12]. Pitfalls of PCR include that the sample must be kept cold during storage and transport to the laboratory, the expertise required for analysing and interpreting results as well as standardising between different laboratories and finally the expensive cost of the procedure compared to available techniques9. Conclusion The applications for PCR and Southern blotting are enormous however they have limitations which prevent it from being routinely used in the diagnostic laboratory. With the advance of technology both are being developed, especially PCR, and have endless applications in medical microbiology.

The Counterculture :: American History, The Civil Rights Movement

During the sixties Americans saw the rise of the counterculture. The counterculture, which was a group of movements focused on achieving personal and cultural liberation, was embraced by the decade’s young Americans. Because many Americans were members of the different movements in the counterculture, the counterculture influenced American society. As a result of the achievements the counterculture movements made, the United States in the 1960s became a more open, more tolerant, and freer country. One of the most powerful counterculture movements in the sixties was the civil rights movement. In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act to end racial discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools, and privately owned public accommodations In 1965, congress returned suffrage to black southerners, by passing the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Foner 926). In the case of Loving v. Virginia (1967), the Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional (Foner 951). Because of the civil rights movement in the sixties, minorities gained more rights than they had prior to the 1960s. While the 1960s were a time of advancement for minorities, it was also a time of advancement for women. In 1963, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, which outlawed discrimination in the workplace based on a person’s sex (Foner 944). To ensure that women would have the same opportunities as men in jobs, education, and political participation, the National Organization for women was formed in 1966 (Foner 944). The sixties also marked the beginning of a public campaign to repeal state laws that banned abortion or left the decision to terminate a pregnancy to physicians instead of the woman (Foner 945). Although the sixties were a decade in which the United States became a more open, more tolerant, and a freer country, in some ways it became less of these things. During the sixties, America intervened in other nations and efforts were made to stop the progress of the civil rights movement. Because of America’s foreign policy and Americans fight against the civil rights movement, it is clear that the sixties in America were not purely a decade of openness, tolerance, and freedom in the United States. In the sixties, many Americans tried to stop the progress minorities were making with the civil rights movement. In 1961, a group known as the Congress of Racial Equality was attacked by mobs, while the group was testing the compliance of court orders banning segregation on interstate buses and trains and in terminal facilities (Foner 914).

Making a buffer

Name Date experiment performed   CRN of lab section: Grade: Days late: Instructor Initials: General Grading Items 25 Points Attendance at Pre-lab MeetingCopies of lab pages attached; labeled with name and date, complete information, readable, data recorded matches results given in report| /5| Waste was properly disposed of and lab area was cleanedEvaluation of student performance overall (student was on time, followed safety rules, performed the lab correctly and within the time allowed, etc) Total for General Grading Items Data Analysis and Interpretation Part | 75 Points| Titration Curves| /25|Question 1Question 2Question 3Total for Data Analysis and InterpretationData Table Buffer A| Buffer B| Mass of NaC2H3O2 used to prepare buffer (grams)Volume of buffer prepared (mL) 100. 0| 100. 0Molar concentration of HC2H3O2 in buffer (M) Initial pH of bufferVolume of 0. 5 M NaOH to raise pH by 2 units (mL)Volume of 0. 5 M HCl to lower pH by 2 units (mL)Volume of 0. 5 M NaOH at equivalence point (mL)Data AnalysisWrite reaction equations to explain how your acetic acid-acetate buffer reacts with an acid and reacts with a base.Buffer capacity has a rather loose definition, yet it is an important property of buffers. A commonly seen definition of buffer capacity is: â€Å"The amount of H+ or OH– that can be neutralized before the pH changes to a significant degree. † Use your data to determine the buffer capacity of Buffer A and Buffer B. (Graphically, we can identify buffer capacity by the sudden change to a very steep slope. )Say, for example, that you had prepared a Buffer C, in which you mixed 8. 203 g of sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2, with 100. 0 mL of 1. 0 M acetic acid. a. What would be the initial pH of Buffer C? b. If you add 5. 0 mL of 0. 5 M NaOH solution to 20. 0 mL each of Buffer B and Buffer C, which buffer’s pH would change less? Explain.

Harmful Algal Blooms and Aquaculture

Harmful Algal Blooms and how they are Linked to Aquaculture Abstract Harmful algal blooms cause a wide range of negative effects on aquaculture. These effects are come from the complexity of harmful algal species; the toxins they create and morphology they have adapted. Science still lacks a full understanding of factors that are envolved in blooms formation. Aquaculture and harmful algal blooms are directly related because it is one of many anthropogenic factors that unintentionally produce the conditions that promote harmful algal blooms.The methods of production, feeds used, waste produced can lead to nutrient loading and eutrophic conditions by releasing essential nutrients into water that are necessary for algal growth. Phosphorus and nitrogen compounds are two of the main byproducts or aquaculture that are associated with bloom formation. To minimize the effects of harmful algal blooms on aquaculture you must understand the diversity and complexity of harmful algal blooms and t heir relationship with aquaculture. Abstract Harmful algal blooms cause a wide range of negative effects on aquaculture.These effects are come from the complexity of harmful algal species; the toxins they create and morphology they have adapted. Science still lacks a full understanding of factors that are envolved in blooms formation. Aquaculture and harmful algal blooms are directly related because it is one of many anthropogenic factors that unintentionally produce the conditions that promote harmful algal blooms. The methods of production, feeds used, waste produced can lead to nutrient loading and eutrophic conditions by releasing essential nutrients into water that are necessary for algal growth.Phosphorus and nitrogen compounds are two of the main byproducts or aquaculture that are associated with bloom formation. To minimize the effects of harmful algal blooms on aquaculture you must understand the diversity and complexity of harmful algal blooms and their relationship with a quaculture. Andrew Blajda Introduction Over the last several decades harmful algal blooms events or HABs are believed to be increasing in frequency and geographic range. The reported increase is a major concern because of the wide scale impact they have on he environment and human activities. The effect of HABs on aquaculture can be very damaging with reduced growth, mortalities or accumulation of toxins. If aquaculture operations take place in the open bodies of water they have little or no way of avoiding incoming blooms. Harmful algal bloom events that come in contact with aquaculture operations often have negative effects that can include student growth, weakened immunity, mortalities, and on economic losses.One of the bigger concerns today is the apparent increase in harmful bloom events. Researchers have linked this increase with anthropogenic activities, aquaculture being one of them. Aquaculture operations adds additional nutrients to the system, this lowers nutrients that l imits algal growth. A better understand of the dynamics and characters the form and make up a bloom combined with the a better understanding of nutrient loading of aquaculture could potentially help reduce the negative effects harmful algal blooms have on aquaculture.Single celled microscopic algae like phytoplankton are the most globally abundant species and one of the oceans’ most important resources. These autotrophic primary producers form the bottom of the food pyramid, acting as the primary source of food for larval finfish, crustaceans, filter feeding bivalves, and other species (Hallengraeff, 1995). In normal concentrations, these single celled algae work in balance with the ocean and its inhabitants, filling important roles in chemical and nutrient cycles. They act as primary producers, providing nutrients and food for variety of different species.These simple microscopic species are vitally important to the success of both fisheries and aquaculture, but in some situ ations they can also have detrimental effects on the marine and coastal environment and numerous terrestrial and marine species. A combination of physical, chemical, biological, hydrological, and meteorological events can generate appropriate conditions that allow these simple single celled microalgae can exhibit exponential growth and reproduction. These natural events create the opportunity for algal bloom formation with potential large scale negative effects throughout the area they cover (Graham, 2007).Algal blooms can be very diverse and differ from one another in many ways . How they form, the algal specie of causation, characteristics and dynamics of a blooms, the species they affect, and impacts they cause are some of the complex factors that are found in blooms (Zingone & Enevoldsen, 2000). The specific characteristics used to define a harmful bloom vary by sources. Hans Paerl, among others, defined harmful blooms by using several characteristics. Paerl also defined harmful blooms at their most basic level by classifying them as having nuisance conditions, meaning ecological and/or economic impacts (Paerl, 1988).As harmful algal blooms move across the ocean, the observable effects they cause go beyond the ocean and marine species it covers. These events will also have wide spread negative impacts on costal terrestrial organism and both human health and activities. Algal species produce sevral different toxins that are detrimental effects to human health, causing various illnesses and mortalities. About 10% of foodborne disease in the United States results from algal toxins; worldwide they cause more than 60,000 intoxications a year. Van Dolah, 2000) Economic losses due harmful algal blooms have been estimated in the tens of millions of dollars, from costs of beach clean ups, decreased tourism, and closing or stopping sales of commercial fisheries and aquaculture (Van Dolah et al. , 2001). Over the past several decades there has been an apparent increa se in the frequency and geographic range of harmful algal blooms. This apparent increase has been attributed to both increased observations and focus on harmful algal blooms and increased inputs from anthropogenic sources.Aquaculture is one of many anthropogenic activities that is believed to be hypernutrification and eutrophic conditions in surrounding bodies of water. This paper will attempt to gain a better understanding of diversity of harmful algal blooms and also the effect aquaculture has on the environment in adding in formation of harmful algal blooms. Algal Blooms Historically algal blooms are a naturally occurring phenomenon in earth’s oceans and have been observed throughout recorded history (Hallegraeff, 1993).These events are often beneficial to bivalves by supplying an abundant food supply to these filters feeding that relay on microalgae for their source of nutrients. Algal blooms can quickly turn into detrimental to the environment and its inhabitants are var ious ways (Leverone, 2007). Sources from human history including the bible may contain the first documented cases of algal blooms. In Exodus 7: 20-21 referring to one of the plaques on Egypt â€Å"all the waters that were in the river turned to blood, and the fish that was in the river died†.Some historians and scientist now believe this biblical reference from 1,000BC could be the first written record of an algal bloom. (Hallegraeff, 1993) Other historical sources may have unknowing recorded written evidence on algal blooms, in China around 200AD general Zhu Ge-Ling documented sicknesses and losses of military personnel after drinking from a river that was stained green. (Chorus & Bartram, 1999) Examination of fossil algal specimens and historical reference compounding evidence that these event are not a new phenomenon and have been occurring in earth’s oceans for thousands if not millions of years.Recent finding from numerous long term studies conducted around the wo rld has brought a strong belief in the scientific community that algal blooms have been increasing in their frequency and geographic distribution. Even though most scientiest support the idea of a global increase of blooms and twith strong evidence supporting this theroy there is still a major dissagreement about what is causing the increase (Pelley, 1998). The apparent increase of algal blooms, along with the global impacts on aquatic organisms, the environment, human health, and activities has increased interest and research being done on these events (Li et al. 2002; Van Dolah et al. , 2001). The exact characteristics and descriptions that define an algal bloom are fairly broad and very from source to source. I was unable to find a universal definition of algal blooms. The description and definition I came across were similar but differed in many aspects; this included sizes, formation factors, impacts, and algal species. Overall algal blooms are generally defined significant inc rease in biomass due to a rapid reproduction of a single microalgal species.The problem with this source is there can also be macroalgal blooms. Others described them as forming high density populations, with some species creating visible discoloration of the water. (Carstensen, Henriksen, & Heiskanen, 2007; Diersing, 2009) Others define blooms by impacts they cause; displacing indigenes species, destroy habitat, oxygen depletion, and alter biochemical cycles. (Hoagland et al. , 2002) A more generalized definition was given by Hallegraeff, adding that a bloom must have at least million cells per liter (Hallegraeff, 1993).The defining characteristic that differentiates a bloom from a harmful algal bloom is when they takes on a destructive roll and causes environment impacts. The term harmful is defined more specifically as causing negative impacts on the environment and adverse effects on both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. This is due to factors such as toxins they produce, spec ie specific cell physical structure causing damage to aquatic organisms or by accumulation of biomass affect naturally occurring organisms causing alterations food web dynamics and biochemical cycles (Anderson et al. 2002). Depending on the species, some algae produce toxins that can affect crustaceans, fish, shellfish, birds and mammals including humans; nontoxic species can still causes damage by blocking light from penetrating the water column, clogging or damaging gills, and creating anoxic conditions from accelerated decomposition as they die off (Silver et al. , 2006; Sellner et al. , 2003) Harmful alga can also have impacts on shoreline coastal habitats, toxins can be transported onto the shore by sea spray (Hoagland et al. , 2002).There are over 5,000 know photoplanktonic algal species that inhabit the marine waters only a small portion, about 300 species are known to have blooming capabilities and even fewer, about 40-80 species or 2-3% of all photoplantonic algal species a re known to have toxic chemicals producing capabilities; this includes members that form red tides (Hallegraeff, 1993; Smayda, 1997). Nontoxic red tides are not uncommon, today people often incorrectly or mistakenly refer to toxic algal blooms as red tides even when brown, green or colorless (Anderson, 1994).Toxic and other harmful algal species are ubiquitous throughout the marine and freshwater environment; the majority of the time they present at low population densities that cause few, if any and only minor impacts on the environment and its local inhabitants (Van Dolah, 2000). There are a variety of different phycotoxins algal species are able to synthesize; individual species will only produce one type of toxin. The evolutionary advantages of these toxins are not fully understood; they are believed to play a role in bloom formation and predator protecting (Nehring, 1993).The different phycotoxins vary from one another in terms of the impacts and degree of damage they have on m arine and terrestrial organisms, depending on the toxicity, the concentration, and the organisms. Toxicity vary among algal species Dinophysis is one example, they have the ability to produce toxins that have negative effects at densities as low as 100 cells per L-1 (Sellner et al. , 2003). The most toxic algal species are mainly found in dinoflagellets (Table 1) with some having toxicity greater than venomous snakes. Table 1.Toxicity of several phycotoxins created different organisms including algae. (Van Dolah, 2000) The taxonomic algal groups’ dinoflagellets, raphidophyetes, cynobactria, and some diatoms are known to have the capabilities of phycotoxins production; these species are often the culprit behind harmful algal blooms. Phycotoxins are toxic chemicals created biologically by photosynthetic organisms. Dinoflagellets are one of the predominate species that forms red tides; members of this group also produce toxin that lead to foodborne illness and human mortalities (Li et al. , 2002; Hallegraeff et al. 1995). Human induced illnesses are not an uncommon result from consumption of seafood. Many algal toxins are potentially dangerous and even deadly to humans. Toxins accumulate in tissues of organisms like shellfish, finfish, and crustaceans that come in contact with a toxic bloom. These species are usually far less affected by algal toxins having adaptive mechanisms that lower the effects on the organisms associated with toxic blooms. However toxins still accumulate within the tissues and detoxification can take weeks before they reach levels safe for human consumption.Algal toxins cause for concerns for humans not only because they maintain their toxicity long after the bloom but more importantly because they can withstanding heat from cooking. Algal toxin foodborne diseases are caused by various species or toxins and come from different vectors. Bivalve vectors can induce human illness that include (Table 2) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) , neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP); other vectors can lead to various other diseases as well (Van Dolah, 2000).The popular term of red tide given to harmful algal bloom comes from compact, high densities of algal cells that containing red photosynthetic pigments, causing the water to appear red (Carstensen et al. , 2007). These toxic species can normally be found in low concentrations have no impacts on organisms and environment. The adverse effects on organism often deepened on cell concentration; in blooms toxic algae aggregate and are more dangerous (Van Dolah, 2000).Some toxic algal species have developed unique life cycles and morphological characteristics that allow them to occupy a specific niche that will be further examined. Table 2. Foodborne and environmental disease caused by harmful algal species, the toxin produced and the primary vector they inhabit. (Van Dolah, 2000) Harmful algal species ha ve many adverse impacts on bivalves’ this includes a wide range of sub-lethal and lethal effects; some algal species are more detrimental than others (Leverone, 2007). It is believed that increase frequency of blooms is partially due to the introduction of non-indigenous algal species.Non-indigenous species potentially will create a specific niche, and/or out compete native species. Indigenous naturally occurring harmful algal species are far less direct effects on bivalves; this is because they have been able to naturally adapt to their presence over time. Native algal species in most case do not have as bad direct, detrimental impacts on shellfish and are usually not associated with large scale bivalve die off. The exception to this is in cases of intense blooms (Matsuyama & Shumway, 2009; Nehring, 1993; Zingone & Enevoldsen, 2000).It’s still hard to truly say many large scale die-offs and increase sub-lethal impacts are directly due to non-indigenous algal species b ecause identification is sometimes difficult, longer term data individual algal species geographic ranges are limited combined, and the theory anthropogenic factors are causing an overall increase in blooms. In many circumstance of HAB mortalities it’s difficult to differentiate whether they resulted from the algal specie or unfavorable water quality that coincide with blooms (Anderson et al. , 2002; Leverone, 2007).Complex morphology are found in many harmful algal species that helps protect them from predation and the environment and help obtain nutrients. Diatom algae are members of the Bacillariophyceae class; they have been around for over 180 million years helping to create earth’s atmosphere and also play a major role in nutrient and chemical cycles. Over their evolutionary history diatoms have developed a variety of different exterior cellular morphology for protection from the environment and predation. They have a range of cell shapes and sizes and also form unique frustule cell walls made from silica.The frustule cell wall is made up of two over lapping overlapping silica bands forming a protective shell. The 100,000 diatom species have developed â€Å"seeming infinite variations† of cell wall micropatterns and structures; including ridges, spines and plates (Kroger & Poulsen, 2008) These cellular morphological characteristics help protect them under adverse environmental conditions and restrict or prevent predation. Some species of diatoms have developed such strong cell walls with structural properties that enable them to survive ingestion and escape after passing through the digestive system. (Merkel, et al. 2003) The benefits of these structures do have negative effects and come at the expense of motile abilities, limits growth, and makes the cell very dense; motile restorations and high cell densities make diatoms much more likely to sink out of the high nutrient water column. Bloom Formation The intricacy of bloom formatio n is due to both the abiotic(environmental and anthropogenic factors) and biotic factors; these being the algae themselves. Adaptations of life cycle, morphology, and environmental conditions enable rapid reproduction of certain algal species that have developed specific niches (Sellner et al. 2003; Zingone & Enevoldsen, 2000). Algal blooms formation driven by the complex relation between the environmental factors and algal species; although we understand the basics of formation there are still many unknowns. There are seemingly endless amounts of variables and factors that play a role in creating of a bloom. The main driving factors of when and where a bloom forms are a combination of environmental/anthropogenic factors (nutrient cycles and inputs) and algal morphology (Pinckney et al. , 1997; Sellner et al. ,2003).As simple as it sounds, there are countless variables including natural condition, anthropogenic effects, algal physiological and morphological characteristics that lead to the unpredictability and overall misunderstanding we still have on blooms. (Sellner et al. , 2003; Anderson, 1994) The belief that algal blooms are increasing in frequency and geographic range is a popular belief that is backed by numerous studies. The cause of this apparent increase has been attributed to the expanding human population (anthropogenic effects).Some still argue that the increase in blooms is due to the increase in observations from studies worldwide, a better understanding of blooms and better record keeping; but with overwhelming evidence supporting the lateral it’s hard to believe the human race is not playing a major roll. (Sellner et al. , 2003) Looking at the numer of literary reference to harmful algal bloom over 70 years(figure 1) shows a dramitic increase algal blooms from the 1920’s through late 1990’s (Hallegraeff, 1993). This also give arguments that increase research and technology contriubute to the increase ovserevd.Figure 1. Li terary references of harmful algal blooms from Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstract (AFSA) publications over about 70 years. The increase can be attributed to a combination of anthropogenic factors or increased observations and present arguments for both sides. (Hallegraeff, 1993) Today we have an understanding of the natural environmental processes and factors that lead to bloom formation; but the effects humans apply to the environment alter the natural cycles making it more difficult to predict blooms (Paerl, 1988).Blooms occur under irregular conditions that promote growth and reproduction allowing some species to flourish. The conditions found in blooms broad and often species’ specific adding to the complexity and unpredictability of blooms. In general the conditions associated with blooms are abundance (eutrophic), or an imbalance of nutrients, along with favorable water conditions (temperature, DO, salinity, etc. ). Natural processes like atmospheric deposition, wa ter column turnover, upwelling, oceanic currents, storms, and anomalous weather events (El Nino) work together and fluctuate over time effecting mixing rates, water quality.Nutrients pools build up over time from organic decomposition in benthic sediment. Mixing of the sediment perelapses the nutrient pools and bring about eutrophic conditions or alter the water chemistry that enable specific species of algae to flourish (Sellner et al. , 2003; Van Dolah, 2000; Paerl, 1988). Natural mixing rates occur during regularly during temporal or seasonal with environmental fluxes or randomly from disturbances (natural anthropogenic). Sediment mixing are very important environment processes, releasing nutrients back into the water column allowing for increased primary producer growth.Seasonal and temporal sediment mixing produce lead to the specific conditions that form blooms. Eutrophication has been defined as â€Å"an increase in supply of organic matter to the ecosystem; in terms of alga l bloom this refers to an increase in nutrients that allows an increase of primary production† (Bonsdorff et al. , 1997). Three key nutrients, nitrates ammonia and phosphates are associated with eutrophication and considered the driving forces behind bloom (Sheng, Jinghong, Shiqiang, Jixi, Dingyong, & Ke, 2006). The levels found in marine waters are driven naturally based on natural events discussed above.Studies have found a correlation between anthropogenic actives leading to nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loading and the apparent increase in frequency of algal blooms along with alteration of natural nitrogen/phosphorus ratio (Bonsdorff et al. , 1997; Paerl, 2009). There are various anthropogenic activities that have led to the both local and global increase of nutrients in fresh and marine waters. Aquaculture is just one of many of these activities. Many studies have shown that aquaculture operations have byproducts that can cause eutrophic conditions.Nutrient loading fro m aquaculture only has local effects and the amount of effects it causes is size dependent (Anderson et al. , 2002). Aquaculture and Nutrient Loading It is important to understand the relationship between aquaculture and harmful algal blooms. Additional nutrients from the feed used, effluent discharge, and waste products are some of the source that lead to nutrient loading (Tacon & Forster, 2003). The amount of additional nutrients added to a system increases based on how intensive the operation is.HABs have wide spread negative impacts on aquaculture, the hope of significantly minimizing these impacts are still years away. To minimize the effects on aquaculture you must understand characteristics and dynamics of blooms, this includes the diversity of species involved and the factors associated with bloom formation. The apparent increase frequency and geographic range of harmful algal blooms is very important to aquaculture because aquaculture plays a role in helping create the cond itions necessary for bloom formation.Aquaculture operations provided year round nutrient inputs in a local aspect, this eliminates nutrient limitations in those areas (Bonsdorff et al. , 1997). This section will discuss and review the relationship aquaculture has with nutrient loading and eutrophication of the surrounding water. Nitrogen and phosphors are to key elements that take on various forms necessary for bloom formation. Both nitrogen and phosphors in the forms of nitrates, ammonia, phosphates and other compounds are byproducts of aquaculture.Algal growth is limited by nutrient availability, mainly based on availability of nitrogen and phosphors in the environment. Nitrogen in the forms of nitrates and ammonia are water soluble and enter the system from either dissolved feeds, effluent discharge, or from waste produced by fish. Phosphates often accumulate mainly in the sediment and during mixing events are released into the water in high quantities (Karakassis, Pitta, & Krom, 2005). Nutrient loading from aquaculture that leads to eutrophic conditions come from several sources. The amount and source of the nutrients depends on the operation.Location of farm (open ocean, ponds, raceways etc. ), what is being cultured (shrimp, finfish, bivalves), what are the inputs (feeds, fertilizer, etc. ) and how intensive the operation is. The source of local nutrient loading from aquaculture can be traced back to where the operation is taking place. Open ocean farming of finfish for instance causes eutrophic conditions right around the cages. On the other hand inland facilities such as pond systems and other flow through systems release effluent discharge causing nutrient in the and around the bodies of water they run into.The species being cultured also plays a major role. Bivalves for instance play a role in limiting algal growth by filter feeding, while finfish inputs and excreting essential nutrients in their waste is a major source of nutrients (Soto & Mena, 199 1). How intensive an operation is and the actual inputs into the system are directly related. The more intensive an operation the more inputs and the more inputs the greater chance of hypernutrification and eutrophic conditions. Different operations require different inputs and these inputs have different nutrient atios. Culture of some juvenile finfish require fertilization to promote phytoplankton growth for feed this puts the essential nutrients for algal growth directly into the system. The feeds used in aquaculture vary on the nutrients they are made up of, how stable they are and whether they float or sink. These factors are all in play in nutrient loading that come directly from aquaculture (Islam, 2005). The effects of aquaculture feeds on nutrient loading depend on several factors. There are three main factors these include; 1) the amount of wasted feed.This is due to poor farming and management practice and floating Vs. sinking feeds. Poor management practices means over o r an improper feeding technique that puts more feed in the water. Floating and sinking feed choices is also important. Sinking feeds may not be eaten by finfish if they go through the bottom of a net or cage, or if they sit on the bottom. On the other hand floating feeds may be less stable or uneaten if they are transported out of a system or to a place where they are unable to be eaten. 2) The actual quality of the feed.This poor stability and high solubility of feed pellets in water mean that once they are in the water they will be broken down and release more and nutrients and in less time. The final factor is deals is loosely related to the previous two. 3) Once the feed is ingested factors such as limitations of absorption and retention of the nutrients from the feed. This factor deals mainly with poor digestibility or metabolism of the species being culture to the feed they are given. The nutrients in the feeds many not be utilized to their full potential once ingested fish wi ll excrete the excess nutrients (Soto & Mena, 1991).Feed and nutrient inputs play a major role in nutrient loading and creating the conditions that promote algal growth either directly in the form of uneaten feeds or nutrients leaching or dissolving from the feeds, or indirectly from the digestion, metabolism and waste products from the species being cultured (Tacon & Forster, 2003). The important of feeds in nutrient loading must not be overlooked one study estimated that 70% of phosphorus and 30-50% of nitrogen in feeds is not utilized by fish and is released into the environment (Soto & Mena, 1991).This only shows two of the most essential nutrients associated with bloom formation and not the various other nutrients that are also released and are important for algal growth. This also shows the significance of feeds based on the large amount of nutrients that are not utilized and instead entering the environment, promoting algal growth. Over all aquaculture farm operations lead to excessive amounts of inorganic and organic fertilizer, feeds, and wastes that are put into local water bodies with high concentrations nutrient, that lead to nutrient loading and eutrophic conditions.Discussion and Conclusions Aquaculture over the last several decades has grown globally in both its production and popularity. In the future aquaculture will continue to grow in its importance to the human population as alternative food source to agriculture and wild fisheries, as well as helping with the depleted ocean stocks. As of now it appear that we will be seeing an increase in aquaculture around the world in the years to come. Although there are many benefits to aquaculture and the potential of increased production may have we must measure the benefits against the environment impacts they cause.Nutrient loading is just one of the environmental impacts associated with aquaculture and the effects of nutrient loading go beyond promotion of algal blooms. The global increase in aqua culture coincides with the apparent increase in harmful algal. Although there are many other anthropogenic factors that are at play in global nutrient loading aquaculture is a major local point-source form. We must understand the specific conditions that are associated blooms and the role aquaculture plays along with how complex and diverse blooms can if we hope to develop mechanisms that can significantly reduce the impacts on aquaculture.I choose the topic of harmful algal blooms and aquaculture effects of nutrient loading because it fits in perfect with our class: aquaculture and the environment. The purpose of this paper was to gain a general understanding of harmful algal blooms, and also to review the factors of aquaculture that lead to nutrient loading, eutrophic conditions, and the aid in bloom formation. This topic caught my attention because of similar topics I’ve cover and work I’ve done this semester in this class and others classes.Harmful algal blooms in general are very interesting because of the diversity of blooms, the range of effects they have, how unique the species involved are, and because of the complexity and over all lack of understanding have in factors of bloom formation. The purpose of this class included reviewing the impact of aquaculture on the environment and methods of reducing or eliminating those impacts. This paper focuses on harmful algal blooms and how aquaculture creates conditions that promoted bloom formation.I focused a great deal of this paper on harmful algal blooms because if you hope to minimize the impacts they cause you must appreciate and understand their complexity and also understand the relation they have with aquaculture. The purpose of this paper was not to examine direct ways in which to minimize nutrient inputs of harmful algal blooms but the information given on harmful algal blooms and the role aquaculture plays in promoting bloom formation is useful to future studies and reviews focusing on ways to minimize the impacts of HABs on aquaculture and help reduce the factors of aquaculture that promote harmful bloom formation.Bibliography Anderson, D. M. (1994). Red Tides. Scientific American Vol. 271, No. 2, 52-58. Anderson, D. M. , Glibert, P. M. , & Burkholder, J. M. (2002). Harmful Algal Blooms and Eutrophication: Nutrient Sources, Composition, and Consequences . Estuaries Vol. 25, No. 4b, 704-726. Anderson, D. , Andersen , P. , Bricelj, V. , Cullen, J. , & Rensel, J. (2001). Monitoring and Management Strategies for Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Waters. Paris: UNESCO. Bonsdorff, E. , Blomqvist, E. M. , Mattila, J. , & Norkko, A. (1997).Coastal Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Perspectives in the Archipelago Areas of the Northern Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science Vol. 44, Sup. A, 63-72. Bonsdorff, E. , Blomqvist, E. , Mattila, J. , & Norkko, A. (1997). Coastal Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Perspectives in the Archipelago Areas of the Northern Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science Vol. 44. Burkholder, J. , & Glasgow, H. (1997). Trophic Controls on Stage Transformation of a Toxic Ambush-Predatior Dinoflagellate. Journal of Eukaryotic and Microbiology Vol. 44, Issue 3, 200-205.Carstensen, J. , Henriksen, P. , & Heiskanen, A. -S. (2007). Algal Blooms in Shallow Estuaries: Definition, Mechanisms, and Link to Eutrophication. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 52, No. 1, 370-384. Chorus , I. , & Bartram, J. (1999). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, . London: E & FN spon . Diersing, N. (2009). Phytoplankton Blooms: The Basics. Florida keys: NOAA. Gerssen, A. , Pol-Hofstad, I. E. , Poelman, M. , Mulder, P. P. , Van Den Top, H. J. , & Boer, J. (2010). Marine Toxins: Chemistry, Toxicity, Occurrence and Detection,.Toxins Vol. 2, 878-904. Gilbert , P. M. , & Burkholder, J. M. (2006). The Complex Relationships Between Increases in Fertilization of the Earth, Coastal Eutrophic ation and Proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms. Ecological Studies Vol. 189, 331-354. Hallegraeff, G. M. (1993). A Review of Harmful Algal Blooms and their Apparent Global Increase*. Phycologia Vol. 32 No. 2, 79-99. Hallegraeff, G. M. (1993). Global Increase of Harmful Algal Blooms. Phycologia 32(2). Hallegraeff, G. M. , Anderson, D. M. , & Cembella, A. D. (1995). Manual on Harmful Marnie. Paris: UNESCO. Hallengraeff, G.M. (1995). Harmful Algal Blooms: A Global Overview. In G. M. Hallegraeff , D. M. Anderson , & A. D. Cembella, Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. Paris: UNESCO. Hegaret, H. , Mirella da Silva, P. , Wikfors, G. H. , Haberkorn, H. , Shumway, S. E. , & Soudant, P. (2011). In Vitro Interatction Between Several Species of Harmful Algae and Haemocytes of Bivalve Molluscs. Cell Biology and Toxicology Vol. 27 No. 4, 249-266. Hegaret, H. , Shumway, S. , Wikfors, G. , Pate, S. , & Burkholder, J. (2008). Potential Transport of Harmful Algae via Relocation of Bivavle Molluscs. Marine Ecology Progress Series Vol. 361 , 169-179. Hoagland, P. , Anderson, D. M. , Kaoru, Y. , & White, A. M. (2002). The Economic Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms in the United . Estuaries Vol. 25, No. 4b, 819-837. Islam, S. (2005). 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Comparative Effects of the Toxic Dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, on Bivalve Molluscs from Florida.Graduate School These and Dissertation , University of South Florida, Biological and Oceanography. Lewitus, A. , Horner, R. , Caron, D. , Garcia-Mendoza, E. , Hickey, B. , Hunter, M. , et al. (2012). Harmful algal blooms along the North American west coast region:. Harmful Algae 19, 133-159. Li, S. -C. , Wang, W. -X. , & Hsieh, D. P. (2002). E? ects of toxic dino? agellate Alexandrium. Marine Environmental Research Vo. 53, 145-160. Matsuyama, Y. , & Shumway, S. (2009). Impacts of Harmful Algal Blooms on Shellfish Aquaculture. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing . Merkel, R. Hamm, C. E. , Springer, O. , Jurkojc, P. , Maire, C. , Prechtel, K. , et al. (2003). Architecture and Material Properties of Diatom Shells Provide Effective Mechanical Protection. Nature Vol 421, 841-843. Nehring, S. (1993). Mechanisms for Recurrent Nuisance Algal Bloom s in Coastal Zones: Resting Cycst Formation as Life-Strategy of Dinoflagellates. Proceedings of the International Coastal Congress ICC Kiel 192. (pp. 454-467). Berlin: Peter Lang Publishing. Paerl, H. W. (1988). Nuisance Phytoplankton Blooms in Coastal, estuarine, and Inland Waters. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 3, No. 4, Part 2, 823-847. Paerl, H. W. (2009). Controlling Eutrophication alng the Freshwater-Marine Continuum: Dual Nutrient (N and P) Reduction are Essential. Estuaries and Coasts Vol. 32, 593-601. Pelley, J. (1998). What is causing Toxic Algal Bloom? Anvironmental Science & technology Vol. 32, No. 1, 26-30. Pinckney, J. L. , Millie, D. F. , Vinyard, B. T. , & Paerl, H. W. (1997). Environmental Controls of Phytoplankton Bloom Dynamics in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, U. S. A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol. 54, 2491-2501. Sellner, K. G. Doucette, G. J. , & Kirkpatrick, G. J. (2003). Harmful Algal Blooms: Causes, Impacts and Detection. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol Vol. 30, 383-406. Sheng, Z. , Jinghong, L. , Shiqiang, W. , Jixi, G. , Dingyong, W. , & Ke, Z. (2006). Impact of Aquaculture on Eutrophication in Changshou Reservoir. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry. Silver, M. , Kudela, R. , & Roberts, K. (2006). Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). California: Center for Integrated Marine Technologies (CeNCOOS). Smayda, T. J. (1997). Harmful Algal Blooms: Their Ecophysiology and General Relevance to Phytoplankton Blooms.Limnology and Oceanography Vol. 42 No. 5, 1136-1153. Smayda, T. J. , & Reynolds, C. S. (2001). Community Assmbly in Marine Phytoplankto: Application of Recent Models to Harmful Dinoflagellate Blooms. Journal of Plankton Research Vol. 23, No. 5, 447-461. Soto, D. , & Mena, G. (1991). Filter Feeding by Freshwater Mussel, Diplodon Chilensis, as a Biocontrol of Salmon Farming Eutrophication. Aquaculture Vol. 171, 65-81. Tacon, A. , & Forster, I. (2003). Aquafeeds and the Environment: Policy Implications. Aquaculture Vol. 226. Thouzeau, G. Chauvaud, L. , & Paulet, Y. -M. (1998). Effects of Environmental Factors on the Daily Growthrate of Pecten maximus Juveniles in the Bay of Brest (France). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology Vol. 227 Isu. 1, 83-111. Tran, D. , Haberkorn, H. , Soudant, P. , Ciret, P. , & Massabuau, J. -C. (2010). Behavioral Responses of Crassostrea gigas Exposed to the Harmful Algal Alexandrium minutum. Aquaculture Vol. 298 Issues 3-4, 338-345. Van Dolah, F. M. , RoeIke, D. , & Greene, R. M. (2001). Health and Ecological Impacts of Harmful Algal.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: Vol. 7, No. 5, pp, 1329-1345. Van Dolah, F. M. (2000). Marine Algal Toxins: Origins, Health Effects, and Their Increased Occurrence. Environmental Health Perspectives Vo. 108, No. 1, 133-141. Villareal, T. (1988). Positive Bouyancy in the Ocean Diatom Rhizosoenia debyana H. Peragallo. Deep-Sea Research. Part A. 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Niccolo` Machiavelli essays

Niccolo` Machiavelli essays Lorenzo Di Piero De` Medici was more than likely unaware of the offering he was to receive from Niccolo` Machiavelli. In his hands a book of great political knowledge was soon to be placed. Highly revered as the greatest work of those times I still find it highly applicable to the situations of those who are in power today. Machiavelli gives a rational approach to everything from attaining and keeping power to governing and ruling in a wise manner. "The Prince" sets the foundation for political fortune and respect that seems timeless. In chapter six "Of New Princedoms Which A Prince Acquires With His Own Arms And By Merit" is a very accurate depiction of change in leadership. "For he who innovates will have for his enemies all those who are well off under the existing order of things, and only lukewarm supporters in those who might be better off under the new." (Machiavelli pg. 13) By stating this Machiavelli sheds perfect light on the subject of leadership change. Those who are all for the current way things are done will naturally be enemies of any new standard. Those who are either neutral or welcome the change will still be hesitant toward the new direction. The thing that I find so fascinating about the statement is that it is a simple observation that still can be made to this day. Take the Presidential election of 2004 Bush vs. Kerry and the comparison jumps out at you. People afraid of change were enemies or opposed to Kerry while those who wanted change were still hesitant in choosing him as our leader. In matters of soldiers and war he lays out the difference between a Prince's own subjects (homeland troops) or mercenaries. He paints the mercenaries as unreliable and cowardly in battle. "And this because they have no tie or motive to keep them in the field beyond their paltry pay , in return for which it would be too much to expect them to give their lives." (Machiavelli pg. 31) Machiavelli's viewpoint is that since the ...

Greek Mythology - Bible vs Biblos

Greek Mythology - Bible vs Biblos The Bible is sometimes called the Good Book, which is fitting since the word Bible comes from the Greek word for book, biblos. For the Greeks, the bible was Homer, particularly, The Iliad, and Hesiod. The Father of History, the Greek Classical period traveler Herodotus (c. 484-425 B.C.) writes: Whence the gods severally sprang, whether or no they had all existed from eternity, what forms they bore - these are questions of which the Greeks knew nothing until the other day, so to speak. For Homer and Hesiod were the first to compose Theogonies, and give the gods their epithets, to allot them their several offices and occupations, and describe their forms; and they lived but four hundred years before my time, as I believe.~ Herodotus Book IIYou can find a religious world view, morals, customs, genealogy, and more in Homer and Hesiod. However, The Iliad, The Odyssey, and Theogony were not sacred texts. (Depending on your definition, the Greeks had other sacred texts, like hymns and responses of the oracles.)The Opening of The IliadThe Iliad begins, not with the creation of the world in 6 days, but with an invocation of the goddess or muse:Sing, O goddess,followed by the story of the wrath of the great Greek hero of the Trojan War, Achilles:the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, t hat brought countless ills upon the Achaeans. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Jove fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another....and his anger at the expeditions leader, Agamemnon, who has strained relations with his best man by stealing his beloved concubine and committed sacrilege:And which of the gods was it that set them on to quarrel? It was the son of Jove and Leto [Apollo]; for he was angry with the king and sent a pestilence upon the host to plague the people, because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses his priest.(Samuel Butler translation)The Place of Gods in Mans LifeGods in Homers ancient heroic age walked among men, but they were much more powerful than humans and could be prevailed upon by prayer and sacrifice to help human beings. We see this in the opening of The Iliad where the rhap sode (the composer/singer of the story) Homer seeks divine inspiration to create a great epic, and where an old man seeks the return of his abducted daughter.There is nothing in this Greek great book (The Iliad) about taking clay and forming it in a certain likeness or taking a rib from said animated clay, although the latter, the story of the creation of woman (Pandora) by a craftsman, does appear differently elsewhere in the canon of Greek mythology.Next Page: Creation Stories Introduction to Greek Mythology Myth in Daily Life What Is Myth? Myths vs. Legends Creation Stories Titanomachy Olympian Gods and Goddesses Five Ages of Man Philemon and Baucis Prometheus Trojan War Bulfinch Mythology Myths and Legends Kingsley Tales from Mythology | Golden Fleece and the Tanglewood Tales, by Nathaniel Hawthorne Confusing Creation Stories Creation StoriesUranos Revenge Titanomachy Philemon and Baucis Prometheus Version 1: Genesis 1.27 King James27: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. Version 2: Genesis 2.21-2321: And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; 22: And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. 23: And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.... the story of the 5 Ages Also see Jewish Legends - Creation Genealogy Shows Mans Relationship to God(s) The stories one polis told about its divine connection might or might not contradict the stories of another polis about its connection with the same god. Sometimes what looks like an effort to smooth out one set of inconsistencies seems to have created others. It might serve those of us coming to the Greek stories from a Judaeo-Christian tradition to remember that there are plenty of apparent inconsistencies in the Bible, too. Reference: [url formerly www.rpgclassics.com/quotes/iliad.shtml] Interesting Quotations from the Iliad Introduction to Greek Mythology Myth in Daily Life What Is Myth? Myths vs. Legends Gods in the Heroic Age - Bible vs. Biblos Trojan War Bulfinch Mythology Myths and LegendsGolden Fleece and the Tanglewood Tales, by Nathaniel Hawthorne

A Helpful and Concise Summary of Othello Act 1

A Helpful and Concise Summary of 'Othello' Act 1 Hold tight and delve into William Shakespeares tragedy Othello with this summary of Act 1.  This analysis covers  the entire play, starting from the opening scene in which the prolific playwright wastes no time  establishing Iagos hatred of Othello. Better understand  this beautifully written drama  with this  scene-by-scene guide. Act 1, Scene 1 In Venice Iago and Roderigo discuss Othello. Roderigo immediately addresses  Iago’s disdain for Othello; â€Å"Thou told’st me thou didst hold him in thy hate,† he says. Iago complains that instead of employing him as his lieutenant, Othello employed Michael Cassio who has no experience for the job. Iago was employed as a mere ensign to Othello. Roderigo responds; â€Å"By heaven, I rather would have been his hangman.† Iago tells Roderigo that he will stay in Othello’s service only to exact revenge upon him when the time is right. Iago and Roderigo do not refer to Othello by name in this scene but rather by his race; calling him the moor or the thick lips. The pair plot to inform Brabanzio, Desdemona’s father, that his daughter has run off with Othello and married him and that he is an unsuitable match, citing his race and impulsivity. The audience discovers that Roderigo is in love with Desdemona, as Brabanzio points out he has already warned him off her; â€Å"In honest plainness thou hast heard me say my daughter is not for thee.† This explains Roderigo’s hatred of Othello. The pair goad Brabanzio, and Iago says, â€Å"I am the one sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.† Brabanzio checks Desdemona’s room and discovers she is missing. He launches a full-scale search for his daughter and regretfully tells Roderigo that he would prefer him to be his daughters husband and not Othello; â€Å"O would you had had her.† Iago resolves to leave, as he does not want his master to know he has double-crossed him. Brabanzio promises Roderigo that he will reward him for his efforts. â€Å"Oh, good Roderigo. I will deserve your pains,† he says. Act 1, Scene 2 Iago tells Othello that Desdemona’s father and Roderigo are pursuing him. Iago lies, telling Othello that he challenged them.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nay, but he prated, and spoke such scurvy and provoking terms against your honor that with the little godliness I have, I did full hard forbear him,† he says. Othello answers that his honor and services to the state speak for themselves, and he will convince Brabanzio that he is a good match for his daughter. He tells Iago that he loves Desdemona. Cassio and his officers enter, and Iago tries to convince Othello that it is his enemy, and he should hide. But Othello shows strength of character by staying. â€Å"I must be found. My parts, my title, and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly,† he says. Cassio explains that the Duke needs to speak to Othello about the conflict in Cyprus. Iago tells Cassio about Othello’s marriage. Brabanzio arrives with swords drawn. Iago draws his sword on Roderigo knowing that they have the same intention and that Roderigo will not kill him but will collude with the pretense. Brabanzio is angry that Othello has eloped with his daughter and again uses his race to put him down, saying that it is ridiculous to think she turned down wealthy and worthy gentleman to run off with him. â€Å"She shunned the wealthy curled darlings of our nation, †¦t’incur a general mock, run from her guardage to the sooty bosom of such a thing as thou,† he says. Brabanzio also accuses Othello of drugging his daughter. Brabanzio wants to put Othello in prison, but Othello says that the Duke requires his services and will also need to speak to him, so they decide to go to the Duke together to decide Othello’s fate.

Develop a social networking strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Develop a social networking strategy - Essay Example Social media marketing is the promotional activity through which the business targets the prospect or potential customers via various social media sites in order, to increase the sales, enhance the brand loyalty and accomplish the business goals. It is very different from the traditional marketing, where promotion is highly dependent on the high-traffic Media, such as print and television. Unlike traditional means marketing through social media sites does not requires any paid placement that are charged to the business, but requires the marketer to devise methods in which information can be presented, so that the target audiences can assign value to the offerings. A social media marketing plan can take various forms like creating page of Facebook, developing a blog that focuses on issues related to the business segment in which the organization is dealing, new tools like Foursquare and reward on returning to visit the store through virtual badges (Powell, Groves & Dimos, 2011). This study focuses on the social media as a marketing tool for Book Bunker. Figure 1 Source: (Roberts, 2002) Figure 2 Source: (Roberts, 2002) Social Media Social media includes online tools that allow people with similar interest to share information and learn from each other or network over an open process. The information that is found on these sites are referred to as user generated content, which signifies that any individual can post their comments or suggestion on these sites with almost no or minimal restriction. This type of user-supplied content can vary over a wide range starting from bookmarked links to written posts, photos, original music and videos. It can be unstructured as well, such as family photos on Facebook or in a very formal and detailed structure such as article on Wikipedia. A partial list of structures that are available for a social media site includes combination of blogs, forums, micro-blogs, video-sharing, photo-sharing, customer reviews, online publishing, social and professional networking, or any other traditional website that accepts post from online communities. The media has become a significant element in driving the page visits and views and some sort of social media feature is always available on web (Wankel, 2011). It should be noted that the veracity of the contents that are posted on the social media outlets are not scrutinized. This may acts as one of the defining characteristics. This in turn also signifies a broad spectrum of mankind. It can be dull or insightful, biased or balanced, too revealing or guarded and most significantly outrageously libelous and verifiably true. False or accurate, anything can be posted on the websites or any other online sources with either a malicious intention or with the best intention. This makes it important for the readers or the users of these contents to scrutinize the validity and importance of the material that they read (Zarrella, 2010; Newson, Houghton & Patten, 2009; Al-Deen & He ndricks, 2012). Utilization of social media There are huge variations of websites and social media applications, which makes it impossible to list

Cognitive Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cognitive Bias - Essay Example Ability to recognize cognitive bias is of utmost importance in order to conduct any qualitative behavioural research. Cognitive bias can reduce or even spoil the findings of a research having a solid research design structure. While conducting cognitive bias it is important for the researchers to be aware of cognitive bias on both sides. The real course of concern is that the quantification of emotion using cognitive interpretation is likely to be flawed. Contemporary measurement methods like focus group, questionnaire surveys are used to ask questions to the respondents. But when a respondent is asked a written or verbal question, the chances of being exposed to cognitive bias is very high. Groupthink also known as herd behaviour or bandwagon effect occurs when the group members reduce the personal beliefs to maintain cohesiveness among the group. In a group a certain individual may feel out of the comfort zone if the personal point of views does not match that of the others. Theref ore the group’s member may go with the accord of the others. Another kind of cognitive bias is termed as the availability bias. When the participants are asked certain questions, the respondents are most likely recalling the recent experiences of such instances that come to mind very quickly.

Clockwork Orange Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clockwork Orange - Movie Review Example The soundtrack to the movie mostly features classical music selections, as well as Moog Synthesizer compositions. He the leader of a small gang. The gang engages in an ultraviolence evening fighting and beating up other people even the elderly as well as another gang then stole a car they went to a writer’s home and bit and crippled him. There is a disagreement among members an Alex reasserts the group leadership then attacks another home where he gets captured by police. In prison, rehabilitation procedure is tough and ends up curing Alex from his brutality to inability to fight back or even feel anything before a naked woman. The prison governor justifies the technique by explaining that that their work is to reduce crime as well as reducing congestion in prison. After release Alex becomes homeless and faces many problems. He later finds himself in hospital injured. After tests he finds he is no longer an able man. The minister comes by and apologizes to him to save his political carrier. With his love for music, Alex is convinced to accept

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Personal Statement - Essay Example In order to achieve our goal, we have hosted several events in this quarter, such as the Kickoff, the UPS event, getting students to go to the ALPFA events at UW Foster, and the joint potluck with the International Students Association. The biggest event was a speech from Nancy Koeper, the president of the northwest region of UPS. The event gave me an opportunity to demonstrate my leadership skills. I was supposed to inform all the students in our class of this event. Moreover, I was required to help set up the place where the event took place. Everything went so well, and the event was extremely successful since over 200 students were there to listen to Nancy’s speech. Even though I did not solely contribute towards the success of this event, I felt so proud of myself. I had taken part in ensuring the event was successful. This was a great move towards my future goal of being an eminent leader. Participating in planning for this event enabled me develop skills in different aspects. To start with, I improved on my public speaking skills since I had to make an announcement in classes to let many students know about this event and get them to participate. I had to address the whole class, which helped me get rid of my fear of public speaking. Additionally, I built many valuable relationships with my schoolmates. Before I joined the club, most of the people I hung out with were Koreans. This club activity enabled me to build relationships not only with professors, but also with many other students from different countries. I had more opportunities to be exposed to new cultures, which helped me mingle harmoniously with other students. Most of all, I re gained confidence in myself. Although I had experiences as a member of student council in high school, I lost confidence in myself when I realized I had poor English communication skills. However, my roles in Business Leadership Club have enabled me rebuilt trust in my

Lenore Walker - Marital and Sexual Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lenore Walker - Marital and Sexual Abuse - Essay Example More importantly, her several theories and understandings of battery have altered the way that attorneys and criminal prosecutors look at battery and the abuse of women, which has led to new laws and regulations to assist women in need. This has been combined with a challenge to society to begin to change the way that women in the home and in contemporary culture are looked at. Walker has gained the title of being the mother of battered women because of her significant contributions and developments in the field of psychology, specifically which intertwine with the concepts of abuse. Walker began her research in psychology toward women in the 1970s, at which time she made some of the most significant contributions to the effects battery has on women. Walker began to study the field of psychology soon after graduating high school. She earned her Bachelor’s in 1962 from CUNY’s Hunter College, followed by a Master’s in 1967. In 1972, she earned a doctorate in psychology from Rutgers, New Jersey. She has held a practice for over 30 years and is licensed in Colorado, New Jersey and Florida. Her prestige in the field of battered women has earned her the title of Diplomat in Clinical and Family Psychology. To this date, Walker focuses on teaching psychology at Nova Southeastern University, specifically with a focus on forensic psychology. She also coordinates with several court jurisdictions and areas in Florida, specifically to help treat women in battered situations. Walker is a part of a consulting group that works to change regulations toward women in the courtroom. She is also the director of the Domestic Violence Institute, which is designed to change the understanding of abuse between women and children on an international level. The main theories that Walker developed began with her studies for her doctorate and continued with her first field studies after graduation

Solar PV on a Lifeboat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Solar PV on a Lifeboat - Essay Example On the other hand, there are alternate ways to power the life boat in case emergency. Solar energy and wind energy are always available during any condition and these two renewable resources can be used to power a life boat. Solar and wind energy are not only environment friendly but also cost little. Moreover, solar and wind energy are not going to end as it is most concerned factors with diesel. Solar and wind energy are efficient source of energy as there is no operational cost. Solar energy is good for the life boats as solar panels are light weight and available is different sizes and shapes. Flexible solar panels are best suited for the inflatable life boats. It is most efficient technology for the life bots and can be used in combination with other technologies. In combination with the diesel power engines, the system will immediately switch to solar panel supply unit. The designed solar panels will have higher efficiency, waterproof layer and can resist a higher pressure during launch of life boat. An alternate energy sources is solar thermal energy. With the help of this technology water the temperature of water can be increased. In general, evacuated tubes and flat plate solar heat collection panels are mounted on the rooftops or on open regions to collect the solar thermal energy. For the power generation sector, molten salt or some other such material are utilized to attain maximum energy output from evacuated tubes. Molten salt stores the excessive thermal energy during day and gives it for the power generation during night. In some colder regions, two systems are utilized; antifreeze rust proof liquid is pumped through the flat plate collects or tubular collector to make the system running at low temperatures. Solar geysers are also installed with the evacuated tube collector to collect the hot water during night. Solar thermal is an efficient process to increase the temperature of water. The system

Lenore Walker - Marital and Sexual Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lenore Walker - Marital and Sexual Abuse - Essay Example More importantly, her several theories and understandings of battery have altered the way that attorneys and criminal prosecutors look at battery and the abuse of women, which has led to new laws and regulations to assist women in need. This has been combined with a challenge to society to begin to change the way that women in the home and in contemporary culture are looked at. Walker has gained the title of being the mother of battered women because of her significant contributions and developments in the field of psychology, specifically which intertwine with the concepts of abuse. Walker began her research in psychology toward women in the 1970s, at which time she made some of the most significant contributions to the effects battery has on women. Walker began to study the field of psychology soon after graduating high school. She earned her Bachelor’s in 1962 from CUNY’s Hunter College, followed by a Master’s in 1967. In 1972, she earned a doctorate in psychology from Rutgers, New Jersey. She has held a practice for over 30 years and is licensed in Colorado, New Jersey and Florida. Her prestige in the field of battered women has earned her the title of Diplomat in Clinical and Family Psychology. To this date, Walker focuses on teaching psychology at Nova Southeastern University, specifically with a focus on forensic psychology. She also coordinates with several court jurisdictions and areas in Florida, specifically to help treat women in battered situations. Walker is a part of a consulting group that works to change regulations toward women in the courtroom. She is also the director of the Domestic Violence Institute, which is designed to change the understanding of abuse between women and children on an international level. The main theories that Walker developed began with her studies for her doctorate and continued with her first field studies after graduation

Belonging Essay Example for Free

Belonging Essay These essential components of belonging are portrayed through the poems of Peter Skrzynecki and another additional text the film Invictus directed by Clint Eastwood about the uniting of South Africa through the efforts of Nelson Mandella. Feeling a sense of connectedness Wether this be on a physical,social,spiritual or emotional level to something or someone allows for an individual to feel a sense of gratitude and self belief. To a certain extent the groups we belong to define who we are, and an individuals perceptions are the resulting outcome of belonging. The acceptance and kinship being in association with groups may bring one would say belonging would impact ones life positively. Although he opposing side of belonging is not belonging and is as a problem many people in the world face today. This alienation may leave individuals feeling detached and isolated from all things surrounding them. There are many reasons why one may not belong these may include race,religion,culture,attitudes and beliefs as well as many others. This separation felt may severely impact an individuals life in a negative direction. The poems by Australian poet Peter Skrzynecki illustrate many examples of kinship and detachment. Many of the poems in the book Immigrant Chronicle by Skrzyecki explain his problems with feeling like an outsider stuck in limbo between his Polish culture passed down by his parents and his new Australian culture that he was exposed to everyday. In the poem â€Å"Felix Skrzynecki† Skrzynecki states â€Å"I forgot my first Polish word† this line illustrates Skrzyneckis lack of interest in his Polish Culture as he feels he doesnt belong. In the poem â€Å"Felix Skrzynecki† Skrzynecki uses alliteration in the second stanza to suggest peace and tranquillity, as his father holds his garden in high regard and Skrzynecki feels this is the only place where is father truly belongs. This allows for responders to learn that one may feel attached to something other than other people or groups. In this poem Skrzynecki also illustrates his fathers exclusion from the rest of Australia by the line â€Å"did your father ever attempt to learn English† this line shows Felix isolation as he cannot speak the language of the country he lives in. Although in stanza one the lines â€Å"Kept pace only with the Joneses Of his own minds making† suggest that Felix was not bothered by values or lifestyle choices that he did not believe in. This poem and other Skrzynecki poems further knowledge involving belonging and not belonging as they provide primary sources that identify multiple examples of the issue. Destruction,analyses and in depth essays of the poems allowed for a deeper understanding of belonging to be gained. The Film Invictus by Clint Eastwood. The story is based on the novel Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandella and the game that Made a Nation. The film tells the story of Nelson Mandella in his first term as South African President, and the initiation of the venture to abolish the apartheid and unite the nation through the 1995 Rugby World Cup. The film illustrates many examples of not belonging due racism and prejudice behaviours shown by white south Africa. The film allows for racism to be viewed as one of the demanding reasons for isolation. Although later in the film an attitude shift is imminent and relationships are bridged between â€Å"black and white South Africans due to the efforts of Mandella. The film illustrates how film techniques such as camera shots,angles and music are used to create a sense of detachment at the start of the film but also show the uniting of South Africa in the end of the film. Invictus enhances knowledge of the issue belonging as it shows many examples not belonging at the start of the film, but with a shift in attitudes reveals many signs of belonging shown towards the end of the film. Due to the complex and abstract nature of the concept of belonging, a true sense of belonging can be found in different circumstances for different people. A sense of belonging or not belonging is thought about by every person in the world today, its what many people strive for everyday although some may never find it,whilst others have always had it. Analysis of a range of texts including the Peter Skrzynecki poems and the film Invictus delve deeply into the many different circumstances that individuals may wish to belong in. Ultimately to belong will always be something people feel they need to fulfil their needs,although a sense of belonging will vary to different people. | |

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Essay

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Essay Ph.D. Thesis: Abhijit Nath Introduction Introduction The wealth of information in atoms and molecules can be achieved from quantum mechanical studies of their structural as well as various physical and chemical properties. Based on quantum mechanics [1-7], large number of approximation methods has been developed over the years for the complete solutions of atomic and molecular systems. Now-a-days, the availability of the computer hardware and software has been increased enormously. In addition, a large number of suitable computational methodologies and algorithms have been developed over the years for solutions of realistic problems in different branches of physics/chemistry. Making the use of the power of the present generation computers as well as computational methodologies and algorithms, we can perform large scale research just by performing high level quantum mechanical computations as an alternate tool of experiment. These high level computations some time meet the requirement for realistic problems in different branches in phys ics, even in atomic and molecular physics. Many complex molecules like drugs are designed on computer in modern days. Such computational attempts are helpful to the experimentalists because with the help of the theoretical idea achieved form these computer simulations, they can perform the real synthesis of these complex molecules in laboratories without much difficulties. Sometimes, it may not be possible to synthesize certain molecular systems which are very much unstable or poisonous or explosive in nature. But then one can carry out theoretical calculations and computations to explore their structure and various properties without handling them in reality. Because of the availability of the faster and cheaper computer hardware, as well as a variety of suitable algorithms, theoretical investigations of various physical and chemical properties of these molecules are now become less expensive and easier. It is well known to scientific community that modern-day atomic and molecular spectroscopic studies require very expensive spectrometers and other sophisticated instruments for getting results with desired accuracy. But one can carry out theoretical and computation based spectroscopic studies of even complicated atomic and molecular systems with utmost accuracy without taking any help of such kind of sophisticated and expensive instruments. Moreover, the interpretation and understanding of every experimental finding needs the knowledge of theoretical background. It is, therefore, essential to carry out theoretical studies beside each and every experiment, wherever possible, to ensure the validity of the experimental findings. Classical mechanics [8] can explain accurately the dynamical features of the objects of relatively large mass and low velocities. But it is not sufficient to describe the interactions among subatomic particles of colliding galaxies. If the velocity of the object is comparable with that of light, one must use Einsteins relativistic mechanics in which the variation of mass with velocity has been taken into consideration. If the mass of the object is very small, the non relativistic quantum mechanics due to Heisenberg and Schrà ¶dinger is applicable. If the mass is very small but the velocity of the object is comparable with the velocity of light, one should use the relativistic quantum mechanics developed by Dirac [9]. Therefore, depending on the mass and velocity of the object, one should employ the appropriate mechanics for determining its dynamical features. The computations of large systems may, therefore, be carried out by using appropriate mechanics. Because of the advancement of the computer hardware and software technology, one can easily carry out these computations. Sometimes, huge computations may have to be performed in this connection. One has to solve 2nd order differential equations with several million variables. However, suitable techniques are available to reduce the size of the secular equations drastically at the cost of some accuracy and hence large-scale computations can be performed successfully. The electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of atoms, molecules and solids can be determined from quantum mechanical solutions [10-14] of the systems. Atoms and molecules in the electronic structure theory are in stationary states. The time dependence of the wave function can thus be separated so that one needs to work only with time-independent solutions. Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which allows the nuclei to be in fixed co-ordinates during the motion of electrons, is usually employed for the calculation of the electronic structure of molecules. It is, therefore, possible to carry out calculations on specific molecules of physical and chemical interest with the aim of getting structural aspects and spectroscopic properties which otherwise may not be obtain from the experimental work. In many cases, the experimental data may be interpreted from the computational results. The velocity of the interacting particles in lighter atoms and molecules is considered to be negligible compared to the velocity of light. So, one may not include the relativistic effects as they are negligibly small. But for the calculations of the heavier atoms and molecules, the relativistic corrections are needed and hence one must use the relativistic quantum chemistry [15-17]. It requires a modification of the non relativistic Hamiltonian with various relativistic correction terms such as mass-velocity correction, spin-orbit correction, Drawin correction, Breit interaction etc. Actually, after the discovery of the theory of special relativity, relativistic effects on the electronic spectra of atoms and molecules become very much important. The relativistic effects are prominent on the electronic spectra of those molecules / their ions for which the nuclear charges of the constituent atoms are large i.e. when atoms with high Z are present. So, in order to obtain accurate spectro scopic features of heavy or moderately heavy molecules / their ions, one must take the various relativistic effects into account in an efficient way. A number of algorithms have been developed in recent years in these connections along with enormous enhancement in computing power. Therefore, the challenge is to exploit these developments to perform the high level computation based theoretical researches work which becomes an alternative to the experimental physical chemical researches. References [1] L. Pauling, E.M. Wilson, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1935. [2] H. Eyring, J. Walter, G. E. Kimball, Quantum Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1944. [3] J. P. Lowe, Quantum Chemistry , Academic Press, New York, 1978. [4] D. A. Mcquarrie, Quantum Chemistry, University Science, Mill Valley Calif, 1983. [5] P. W. Atkins, Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983. [6] F. L. Pillar, Elementary Quantum Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990. [7] I. N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, Printice-Hall, N. J. , 1991. [8] H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addition-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1950. [9] P. A. M. Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition, Oxford, 1958. [10] R. G. Parr, Quantum Theory of Moleculer Electronic Structure, Benjamin, New York, 1963. [11] J. A. Pople, D. L. Beveridge, Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970. [12] J. N. Murrell, A. J. Harget, Semiempirical Self-Consistent-Field Molecular Orbital Theories of Molecules, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971. [13] R. S. Mulliken, W. C. Ermler, Diatomic Molecules, Academic Press, New York, 1977. [14] R. S. Mulliken, W. C. Ermler, Polyatomic Molecules, Academic Press, New York, 1981. [15] P. PyykkÓ §, Relativistic Theory of Atoms and Molecules, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1986. [16] K. Balasubramanian, Relativistic Effects in Chemistry Part A. Theory and Techniques, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1997. [17] K. Balasubramanian, Relativistic Effects in Chemistry Part B. Applications to molecules and Clusters, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1997.

Hypnotism :: essays papers

Hypnotism The Encarta Encyclopedia defines hypnosis as,"altered state of consciousness and heightened responsiveness to suggestion; it may be induced by normal persons by a variety of methods and has been used occasionally in medical and psychiatric treatment. Most frequently brought about through actions of an operator, or "hypnotist", who engages the attention of a subject and assigns certain tasks to him or her while uttering monotonous, repetitive verbal commands; such tasks may include muscle relaxation, eye fixation, and arm leviation. Hypnosis also may be self-induced, by trained relaxation, concentration on one's own breathing, or by a variety of monotonous practices and rituals that are found in many mystical, philosophical, and religious systems." Another generally reliable source Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary defines it as,"a sleep like condition psychically induced, usually by another person, in which the subject loses consciousness but responds, with certain limitations, to the suggestions of the hypnotist." As I stated earlier, these two sources are very reputed and the general population believes that they are correct. Yet, however often they may be correct, in this case they are not, or at least not completely. Not according to the scientific community at least. My sources for this statement are The World Book Encyclopedia, The Wizard from Vienna: Franz Anton Mesmer, Applied Hypnosis: An Overview, American Medical Journal, and Hypnosis: Is It For You? Although they state it in different ways they all basically agree that nobody can give a very accurate definition or description of hypnosis, or hypnosis. Although some may get the definition partly correct, the chances of doing so completely are very, very low. So although I will probably not be able to give a totally accurate account of hypnosis and its workings, I will try. Although evidence suggests that hypnosis has been practiced in some form or another for several thousand years, such as in coal walking, the earliest recorded history of hypnosis begins in 1734. It begins with a man named Franz Anton Mesmer. Although he was eventually disavowed by the scientific community because of his unorthodox methods that made him seem more of a mysticist that a scientist, he is generally known as the father of hypnotism. Mesmer called his methods Mesmerism, thus the word mesmerize, but the name didn't stick, it later changed to hypnosis, its name being derived from Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep. He believed that hypnosis was reached by using a person's "animal magnetism". He used "mesmerism" to cure illness. In 1795 an English physician named James Braid, who was originally opposed to Mesmer's methods became interested. He believed that cures were not due to animal

Racism and Sexism in Toni Morrisons Sula Essay -- Toni Morrison Sula

Racism and Sexism in Toni Morrison's Sula Racism and sexism are both themes that are developed throughout the novel Sula, by Toni Morrison. The book is based around the black community of "The Bottom," which itself was established on a racist act. Later the characters in this town become racist as well. This internalized racism that develops may well be a survival tactic developed by the people over years, which still exists even at the end of the novel. The two main characters of this novel are Nel Wright and Sula Peace. They are both female characters and are often disadvantaged due to their gender. Nel and Sula are depicted as complete opposites that come together to almost complete one another through their once balanced friendship. Nel is shown to be a good character because she plays a socially acceptable role as a woman, submissive wife and mother, while Sula conforms to no social stereotypes and lets almost nothing hold her back, thus she is viewed as evil by the people in her community. Both women are judged b y how well they fit into the preconceived social conventions and stereotypes that exist in "the Bottom." The social conventions that are set up in this book play out in a small black community in Ohio called "the Bottom." The community itself formed when a white slave owner tricked his naà ¯ve black slave into accepting hilly mountainous land that would be hard to farm and very troublesome instead of the actual bottom (fertile valley) land that he was promised. The slave was told "when God looks down, it's the bottom. That's why we call it so. It's the bottom of heaven-best land there is" (4), and on the basis of this lie a community was formed. Its almost as if the towns misfortune is passed down ... ... what happened as a turn in life and does not feel like she is the cause of Chicken Little's death. She mourns his death and then moves on. Sula has a feminist spirit and refuses to melt into the typical mold of a woman. She "discovered years before that [she was] neither white nor male, and that all freedom and triumph was forbidden to [her]" (52). Because of this she decides to lead her life on her own terms. Sula encounters both racism and sexism and is placed in a situation in which she has no release for her wild spirit. She cannot live out in the world with the freedoms of a man, but doesn't want to live as a stereotypically sheltered woman either. In attempting to break these boundaries she is hated by the town and viewed as an "evil" person by the community in which she lives. Works Cited: Morrison, Toni. Sula. Plume. New York: 1973.